The participants were randomly assigned to one of the five intervention groups. High dosage SES group received the SES (Micro-Z Mini, Prizm Medical Inc., USA) training in addition to traditional rehabilitation. Each SES session involved electrical stimulation followed by UE training in addition to home program.The novel SES programs were conducted twice per week, for 12 weeks. Each SES session involved electrical stimulation followed by UE training in addition to home program. The SES was applied to the forearm and whole hand with mesh glove (Electro-Mesh Glove-Sleeve Electrode Kit) for 90 minutes and arm with wrap for 90 minutes. The pulse width was set to 300us for all stimulation levels. The frequency was set to 100 Hz and 10 Hz.

The participants were randomly assigned to one of the five intervention groups. VRCIT group received the VRCIT training plus traditional rehabilitation, conducted twice per week for 12 weeks. Each VRCIT session involved practice of functional tasks with the more affected UE followed by virtual-reality based eye-hand coordination tasks with the more affected UE for, plus home program, and restraint of the less affected UE for 1.5 hours per day. The functional training of the more affected UE focused on massive practice of functional activities using the more affected arm, with the principles of shaping and repetitive task practice applied during training. The VRCIT combined CIT and commercially available VR-based systems including Sony Playstation EyeToy and Nintendo Wii.

The participants were randomly assigned to one of the five intervention groups. VRCIT+SES group executed VR programs by affected UE in Mesh-gloves (Electro-Mesh Glove-Sleeve Electrode Kit) with the optimal SES (Micro-Z Mini, Prizm Medical Inc., USA) protocol formulated from the 1st phase study. The VRCIT program was conducted 1.5 hours/time, twice/week for 12 weeks. The VRCIT combined CIT and commercially available VR-based systems. Some commercially programs, such as Sony Playstation EyeToy (Sony Computer Entertainment America, Foster City, Calif., USA), and Nintendo Wii (Nintendo Domestic Distributor, College Point, N.Y., USA).

The participants were randomly assigned to one of the five intervention groups. The absence of muscle contractions was controlled by the investigator the sham stimulation was carried out identically, but the stimulation amplitude was set to 0 milliampere(mA). Subjects were not informed about the stimulation level and were instructed to distract attention from the stimulation.

he areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (g/cm2) will be measured at the lumbar spine (L1 to L4) and the humerus of the more-affected limb using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

The measure included the total energy expenditure (kcal/min), active energy expenditure (kcal/min), total number of steps, physical activity levels and duration, sleep duration and efficiency, weight, total body water, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat mass (BFM), fat free mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and basal metabolic rate (BMR) by the devices of SenseWear(© 2013 BodyMedia, Inc.) and Body Composition Analyzer(InBody230). The measure is a composite.

Kinematic analysis for patients performing Reach-to-grasp and Eye-hand coordination tasks.The measure is a composite.

The device (Hoggan-5081) for kinetic analysis combined range of motion (ROM), muscle testing (MicroFET3) and grip and pinch gauge (MicroFET4) and data capture software, attached to a computer for more thorough testing. MicroFET4 combined pinch gauge and grip tester in a single device with high test-retest reliability. The Grip Test included Maximum Grip Test, 5 Position Grip Test, Rapid Exchange Grip Test, Hand Grip Fatigue Test. The Pinch Test included key Pinch, palmar Pinch, and tip pinch. MicroFET3 combined Muscle Tester and ROM Gauge. Peak force and average strength were obtained. The padded attachment that was fit in the palm of the hand allowed the administrators to provide direct resistance to movement of the extremity. For arm strength test, the examiner manually stabilized the body parts proximal to the tested limb segment during testing and asked participants to exert a maximal isometric muscle contraction lasting 3-seconds while the dynamometer was held stationary.

The severity is evaluated by Gross Motor Function Classification System(GMFCS), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS).The assessments for body function included Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), strength, endurance, and trunk and limb involvement, etc. The measure is a composite.

To examine the reaction time by CANTAB® software.