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This study will evaluate adherence to four types of walking programs. Participants will be randomized to walking programs that included either (1) affect-based exercise intensity, (2) self-selected (or "choice-based") exercise intensity, (3) heart-rate based exercise intensity, or (4) heart-rate guided exercise intensity with the emphasis on affective benefits.
The purpose of this study is to determine if an "affect-based" or "choice-based" exercise prescription is more effective for behavior change than a traditional, "moderate-intensity" exercise prescription. Prior research suggests that "choice-based" or "self-selected" exercise intensity is more pleasant and adhered to than "moderate-intensity exercise" (Williams et al., 2014). Similarly, affect-based exercise prescriptions (i.e., an exercise prescription where intensity is regulated based on the pleasure-displeasure one feels while exercising) appear to have merit (Baldwin, Kangas, Denman, Smits, Yamada, & Otto, 2016).
However, choice-based and affect-based exercise prescriptions have not been compared to each other. Further, it is unknown if it is the intensity regulation that matters (e.g., "choose an intensity that feels good" or the focus on affect (e.g., "focus on feeling good). Third, prior research has not objectively measured physical activity behavior.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Choice-No Affect | Experimental | These participants self-select (i.e., choose) their exercise intensity with the goal of walking 30-60 minutes on most days of the week. For safety reasons, they are instructed not to exceed 59% of their heart rate reserve. This is choice-based exercise intensity with no focus on positive affect. |
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| Choice-Affect | Experimental | These participants self-select their exercise intensity with the goal of walking 30-60 minutes on most days of the week. They're instructed to choose the intensity that makes them feel the best. For safety reasons, they are instructed not to exceed 59% of their heart rate reserve. This is choice-based exercise intensity with a focus on positive affect. |
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| No Choice-Affect | Experimental | These participants regulate their exercise intensity using their heart rate, with the goal of walking 30-60 minutes on most days of the week. The intensity is "moderate" according to the American College of Sports Medicine (40-59% of their heart rate reserve). Meanwhile, these participants are instructed to focus on the "good feelings" that come with exercise. this is heart rate-based exercise intensity with a focus on positive affect. |
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| No Choice-No Affect | Active Comparator | These participants regulate their exercise intensity using their heart rate, with the goal of walking 30-60 minutes on most days of the week. The intensity is "moderate" according to the American College of Sports Medicine (40-59% of their heart rate reserve). This is heart rate-based exercise intensity with no focus on positive affect. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choice-based Exercise Intensity | Behavioral | Participants are instructed to choose whichever intensity they want, rather than regulate their intensity based on heart rate. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in objectively measured exercise behavior | Minutes per week of objectively measured exercise behavior. | This will be measured throughout the baseline assessment period (2 weeks) and intervention period (4 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in self-reported exercise behavior | Minutes per week of self-reported exercise behavior that is reported using exercise log. | This will be measured throughout the baseline assessment period (2 weeks) and intervention period (4 weeks) |
| Change in affective attitudes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duke University IBRC Lab | Durham | North Carolina | 27701 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27310568 | Background | Baldwin AS, Kangas JL, Denman DC, Smits JA, Yamada T, Otto MW. Cardiorespiratory fitness moderates the effect of an affect-guided physical activity prescription: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther. 2016 Nov;45(6):445-57. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2016.1194454. Epub 2016 Jun 16. | |
| 25223963 | Background |
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The investigators retain ownership of all study data, but are willing to share anonymized data for transparency purposes at the conclusion of the study. Data may be requested by contacting the Principal Investigator.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Positive Affect Focus | Behavioral | Participants are instructed to focus on feeling good while exercising. |
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| Heart rate-based Exercise Intensity | Behavioral | Participants are instructed to regulate their exercise intensity based on their heart rate. |
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Affective attitudes toward exercise |
| Measured during baseline assessment period and at the end of the intervention |
| Self-reported intrinsic motivation (questionnaires) | Intrinsic motivation for exercise program | Two weeks into study intervention |
| Enjoyment | Enjoyment of exercise program. | Measured at the end of the intervention period (4 weeks) |
| Change in weight | Body weight | Measured at the beginning and end of the study (6 weeks). |
| Change in resting heart rate | Resting heart rate | Measured at the beginning and end of the study (6 weeks). |
| Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Miranda R Jr, Gwaltney CJ, Emerson JA, Monti PM, Parisi AF. Recommending self-paced exercise among overweight and obese adults: a randomized pilot study. Ann Behav Med. 2015 Apr;49(2):280-5. doi: 10.1007/s12160-014-9642-7. |