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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| P50MH100023 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) | NIH |
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The main goal of the study is to look at the effects of intranasal oxytocin on the brain in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Oxytocin is a hormone that exists naturally in the body and the brain, affecting a wide range of social behaviors and emotions. The investigators will study the effects of different treatments (3 doses of oxytocin and one dose of placebo) on brain functional connectivity at rest in patients with ASD, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Investigators also seek to study how the effects of oxytocin treatment can be affected by genetic, immune and environmental factors.
This study consists of investigating the effects of several doses of acute administration of intranasal oxytocin on brain activity in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). There is increasing evidence for the role of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) in enhancing social skills in ASD. Nevertheless, there is still a need of determining target engagement for oxytocin's action on brain and behavior. Here, investigators are studying the effects of different doses of IN-OT on the modulation of behavioral outcomes and neural responses in a double blind crossover study in individuals with ASD.
The aims of the research are to:
Investigators will compare the neuroimaging and behavioral results of individuals with ASD to control healthy males who will receive intranasal placebo. Investigators are also investigating the role of genetic factors, behavioral or clinical sub-groups of ASD, immune and environmental factors in modulating the effect of IN-OT on brain and behavior.
Participants with ASD will undergo 4 clinical visits during which they receive various randomly assigned doses of intranasal oxytocin and placebo. Both participants and the experimenter will be blind to the type of the treatment administered.
There will be only one visit for healthy controls who will all receive placebo spray. The visit for healthy controls will be conducted in a single-blind design. The experimenter will be aware that the subject is receiving placebo. However, the participant will be told that he might receive oxytocin or placebo.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | Experimental | Male participants diagnosed with ASD will receive 12 puffs (6 in each nostril) of intranasal oxytocin (syntocinon) and placebo (assigned randomly) during 4 study visits. |
|
| Healthy Control | Placebo Comparator | Age matched healthy controls will receive placebo intranasal spray (12 puffs, 6 per nostril) during one study visit. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 International Units (IU) of Oxytocin | Drug | Participants will receive one dose of intranasal oxytocin at a dose of 8IU. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Resting State Functional Connectivity (rsFC) Salience Network (Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Insula Versus Visual Cortex) | Investigators will study the effects of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) on the resting state functional connectivity between key socio-emotional and social salience brain regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Resting state functional connectivity is a task-independent metric of brain activity that is based on correlations between low-frequency fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal between several brain regions. It reflects the strength of a functional connection that is in good agreement with the underlying neuroanatomy and provides a system-level understanding of brain function. Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations from the mean of 0 and range from -3 to +3, and z-scores greater than 0 indicate greater than average resting state functional connectivity. | Post Intervention (Up to 40 minutes after receiving spray) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
| Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Activity in Response to Social Cues | BOLD activity level was assessed via fMRI during completion of the face perception task (FPT) of emotional and neutral faces. BOLD scores are reported on a z-scale, with the mean, standard deviation and the minimum and the maximum. This refers to the non-thresholded z-scores that are obtained for each dose before conducting small volume correction analysis. | Post Intervention (Up to 70 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
| Percent Change in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Activity During Ball-Game Task | BOLD activity in social-emotional brain regions during the perception of emotional facial videos were measured during the ball-game task. Mean percent change in contrast of parameter estimates in anatomical regions of interest are presented here. A positive value indicates increased BOLD activity while a negative value indicates decreased BOLD activity. | Post Intervention (up to 70 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
| Oxytocin Plasma Concentration |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Rate of Smiling During Global Clinical Interview | Clinical improvements will be rated by a clinician as based on a videotaped interview conducted after the MRI scanning session. Values between the different treatment conditions will be assessed to study the effect of intranasal oxytocin on ASD at the clinical level. The improvement will be assessed based on the quality of social interaction between the experimenter and the participant, specifically as the amount of smiling behavior displayed by participants. Larger values indicate that participants are smiling more frequently. |
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Inclusion Criteria for ASD Participants:
Exclusion Criteria for ASD Participants:
Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Age-Matched Controls:
Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Age-Matched Controls:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Elissar Andari, PhD | Emory University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emory University | Atlanta | Georgia | 30322 | United States |
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Study participants were recruited from a list of participants in a prior study who agreed to be contacted for future studies. Study procedures were conducted at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Participant enrollment began May 10, 2017 and all study activities were completed on October 3, 2018.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Dose Order: Placebo, 8 International Units (IU), 24IU, 48IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive the placebo first, followed by an 8IU of oxytocin, then 24IU dose of oxytocin, and a 48IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG001 | Dose Order: 24IU, 8IU, Placebo, 48IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 24IU dose of oxytocin, followed by an 8IU of oxytocin, then the placebo, and a 48IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG002 | Dose Order: 24IU, Placebo, 8IU, 48IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 24IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by the placebo, then 8IU dose of oxytocin, and a 48IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG003 | Dose Order: 48IU, Placebo, 8IU, 24IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 48IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by the placebo, then an 8IU dose of oxytocin, and a 24IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG004 | Dose Order: 8IU, 24IU, Placebo, 48IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive an 8IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by a 24IU dose of oxytocin, then the placebo, and a 48IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG005 | Dose Order: 48IU, 24IU, 8IU, Placebo | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 48IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by a 24IU of oxytocin, then an 8IU dose of oxytocin, and the placebo last. |
| FG006 | Dose Order: Placebo, 48IU, 24IU, 8IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive the placebo first, followed by a 48IU of oxytocin, then 24IU dose of oxytocin, and an 8IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG007 | Dose Order: Placebo, 24IU, 48IU, 8IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive the placebo first, followed by a 24IU of oxytocin, then a 48IU dose of oxytocin, and an 8IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG008 | Dose Order: 48IU, 24IU, Placebo, 8IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a dose of 48IU of oxytocin first, followed by a 24IU of oxytocin, then the placebo, and an 8IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG009 | Dose Order: 8IU, 24IU, 48IU, Placebo | Participants with ASD randomized to receive an 8IU of oxytocin first, followed by an 24IU of oxytocin, then 48IU dose of oxytocin, the placebo last. |
| FG010 | Dose Order: 24IU, 48IU, 8IU, Placebo | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 24IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by a 48IU of oxytocin, then an 8IU dose of oxytocin, and the placebo last. |
| FG011 | Dose Order: 48IU, 8IU, Placebo, 24IU | Participants with ASD randomized to receive a 48IU dose of oxytocin first, followed by an 8IU of oxytocin, then the placebo, and a 24IU dose of oxytocin last. |
| FG012 | Healthy Controls Receiving the Placebo | Healthy controls (persons without ASD) received the placebo rather than any oxytocin. The healthy controls only attended one clinical visit, per the study protocol. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | Male participants diagnosed with ASD received 12 puffs (6 in each nostril) of intranasal oxytocin (syntocinon) or a placebo during 4 study visits. The order in which the participant received the placebo and three different doses of oxytocin (8, 24, or 48IU) was randomly assigned. |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Resting State Functional Connectivity (rsFC) Salience Network (Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Insula Versus Visual Cortex) | Investigators will study the effects of intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) on the resting state functional connectivity between key socio-emotional and social salience brain regions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Resting state functional connectivity is a task-independent metric of brain activity that is based on correlations between low-frequency fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent signal between several brain regions. It reflects the strength of a functional connection that is in good agreement with the underlying neuroanatomy and provides a system-level understanding of brain function. Z-scores represent the number of standard deviations from the mean of 0 and range from -3 to +3, and z-scores greater than 0 indicate greater than average resting state functional connectivity. | This analysis includes participants with complete data for all visits. Two participants withdrew and data from another participant were not able to be analyzed due to technical problems during the MRI. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | z-scores rsFC salience-visual | Post Intervention (Up to 40 minutes after receiving spray) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
Adverse events that were potentially related to the study intervention were collected from the time of consent to participate in the study through all study visits (up to Week 5).
Only treatment related adverse events were monitored. The total number of participants in each intervention is the number who were administered that treatment; one participant withdrew before being administered the 48IU dose or placebo. Healthy controls were only administered the placebo.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Placebo | Participants receiving the placebo | 0 |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lightheaded after spray | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
Not provided
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elissar Andari, PhD | The University of Toledo | 419-383-5227 | elissar.andari@Utoledo.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 10, 2019 | Oct 21, 2020 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Oct 16, 2017 | Oct 29, 2020 | ICF_002.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001321 | Autistic Disorder |
| D000067877 | Autism Spectrum Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002659 | Child Development Disorders, Pervasive |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010121 | Oxytocin |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010909 | Pituitary Hormones, Posterior |
| D010907 | Pituitary Hormones |
| D036361 | Peptide Hormones |
| D006728 | Hormones |
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Not provided
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| 24IU of Oxytocin | Drug | Participants will receive one dose of intranasal oxytocin at a dose of 24IU. |
|
|
| 48IU of Oxytocin | Drug | Participants will receive one dose of intranasal oxytocin at a dose of 48IU. |
|
|
| Placebo | Drug | Participants will receive an intranasal placebo to match the oxytocin doses. |
|
Plasma concentration of oxytocin prior to administration of study intervention and after administration of study intervention will be compared between the different dose levels and placebo. Plasma concentration of oxytocin is expected to increase following administration of intranasal oxytocin. |
| Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 (before spray and 5 minutes after spray) |
| Post Intervention (Up to 180 minutes after receiving spray) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
| Milliseconds of Visual Fixation | Eye gaze will be recorded via an eye tracker inside the MRI scanner during the face perception task (FPT). Visual fixation between different treatment conditions will be assessed in ASD participants. | Post Intervention (Up to 50 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
| Social Learning Test (SLT) Reaction Time | During the SLT, participants complete an implicit association test using faces and words. The faces that are presented in this task are partners' faces with whom participants played during the ball-game inside the MRI scanner. In this task, there are congruent blocks where neutral faces of "positive" partners are presented with friendly words and neutral faces of "negative" partners are presented with unfriendly words. During incongruent blocks, neutral faces of "positive" partners are presented with unfriendly words and neutral faces of "negative" partners are presented with friendly words. Participants match the face or the word to one of two categories. Longer reaction time indicates difficulty with selecting a category. Longer reaction time in incongruent trials signifies implicit biases were formed for the positive and negative players such that "positive" partners from the ball-game are now perceived as friendly and "negative" partners are now perceived as unfriendly. | Post Intervention (Up to 130 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
| Withdrawal by Subject |
|
| Healthy Control |
Age matched healthy males received a placebo intranasal spray (12 puffs, 6 per nostril) during one study visit |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| OG000 | Placebo in ASD Participants | Participants receiving the placebo |
| OG001 | 8IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 8IU of oxytocin |
| OG002 | 24IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 24IU of oxytocin |
| OG003 | 48IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 48IU of oxytocin |
| OG004 | Healthy Controls Receiving Placebo | Healthy controls received the placebo spray only |
|
|
| Primary | Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Activity in Response to Social Cues | BOLD activity level was assessed via fMRI during completion of the face perception task (FPT) of emotional and neutral faces. BOLD scores are reported on a z-scale, with the mean, standard deviation and the minimum and the maximum. This refers to the non-thresholded z-scores that are obtained for each dose before conducting small volume correction analysis. | This analysis includes participants with high quality images that were able to be examined. Some participants moved during the MRI resulting in distorted images. | Posted | Mean | Full Range | z-scores | Post Intervention (Up to 70 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Percent Change in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Activity During Ball-Game Task | BOLD activity in social-emotional brain regions during the perception of emotional facial videos were measured during the ball-game task. Mean percent change in contrast of parameter estimates in anatomical regions of interest are presented here. A positive value indicates increased BOLD activity while a negative value indicates decreased BOLD activity. | This analysis includes participants with high quality images that were able to be examined. Some participants moved during the MRI resulting in distorted images. | Posted | Mean | Standard Error | percent change in contrast | Post Intervention (up to 70 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
|
|
|
| Primary | Oxytocin Plasma Concentration | Plasma concentration of oxytocin prior to administration of study intervention and after administration of study intervention will be compared between the different dose levels and placebo. Plasma concentration of oxytocin is expected to increase following administration of intranasal oxytocin. | Only participants with ASD had blood drawn for plasma oxytocin concentrations. This analysis includes participants who provided a blood sample (one refused to give a sample). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | picogram/milliliter | Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 (before spray and 5 minutes after spray) |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Rate of Smiling During Global Clinical Interview | Clinical improvements will be rated by a clinician as based on a videotaped interview conducted after the MRI scanning session. Values between the different treatment conditions will be assessed to study the effect of intranasal oxytocin on ASD at the clinical level. The improvement will be assessed based on the quality of social interaction between the experimenter and the participant, specifically as the amount of smiling behavior displayed by participants. Larger values indicate that participants are smiling more frequently. | This analysis includes participants with ASD who completed the videotaped interview. One participant declined to be videotaped and is not included in this analysis. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Smiles per minute | Post Intervention (Up to 180 minutes after receiving spray) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Milliseconds of Visual Fixation | Eye gaze will be recorded via an eye tracker inside the MRI scanner during the face perception task (FPT). Visual fixation between different treatment conditions will be assessed in ASD participants. | This analysis includes participants with ASD who had usable data for this outcome. There were difficulties with the eye tracking technology inside the MRI scanner and tracking of the pupil was not successful at all times. Healthy controls did not participate in the eye tracker portion of the study. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | milliseconds | Post Intervention (Up to 50 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Social Learning Test (SLT) Reaction Time | During the SLT, participants complete an implicit association test using faces and words. The faces that are presented in this task are partners' faces with whom participants played during the ball-game inside the MRI scanner. In this task, there are congruent blocks where neutral faces of "positive" partners are presented with friendly words and neutral faces of "negative" partners are presented with unfriendly words. During incongruent blocks, neutral faces of "positive" partners are presented with unfriendly words and neutral faces of "negative" partners are presented with friendly words. Participants match the face or the word to one of two categories. Longer reaction time indicates difficulty with selecting a category. Longer reaction time in incongruent trials signifies implicit biases were formed for the positive and negative players such that "positive" partners from the ball-game are now perceived as friendly and "negative" partners are now perceived as unfriendly. | Among participants with autism who completed the study, two participants had outlying data and were removed from this analysis.Two healthy controls did not complete the SLT due to time constraints. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | milliseconds | Post Intervention (Up to 130 minutes) at Study Visits 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
|
|
|
| 48 |
| 0 |
| 48 |
| 3 |
| 48 |
| EG001 | 8IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 8IU of oxytocin | 0 | 32 | 0 | 32 | 4 | 32 |
| EG002 | 24IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 24IU of oxytocin | 0 | 32 | 0 | 32 | 5 | 32 |
| EG003 | 48IU of Oxytocin Spray | Participants receiving 48IU of oxytocin | 0 | 31 | 0 | 31 | 5 | 31 |
| Blood pressure increase | Vascular disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Headache | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Blurred vision | Eye disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Dizziness after spray and blood draw | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Drowsiness | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Temperature increase | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Body temperature increased by 2 degrees for a few minutes |
|
| Numb left hand | Vascular disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Numbing of hand while inside MRI, more than 40 minutes after spray intake |
|
| Nostril tingling after spray | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
| Frustration during MRI | General disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Frustration with game errors while in MRI, 40 minutes after the spray |
|
| Light coughing after spray | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Non-systematic Assessment |
|
Not provided
Not provided
| D006730 |
| Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists |
| D010455 | Peptides |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| Face versus Fixation, Cingulate Gyrus, Anterior Division |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Frontal Orbital Cortex |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Occipital Fusiform Gyrus |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Left Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Right Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Left Accumbens |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Right Caudate |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Right Hippocampus |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Right Amygdala |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Right Accumbens |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Left Caudate |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Left Hippocampus |
|
| Face versus Fixation, Left Amygdala |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Frontal Orbital Cortex |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Occipital Fusiform Gyrus |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Left Accumbens |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Right Caudate |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Right Amygdala |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Right Accumbens |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Left Caudate |
|
| Happy versus Neutral, Left Amygdala |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Insular Cortex |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Cingulate Gyrus, Anterior Division |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Frontal Orbital Cortex |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Occipital Fusiform Gyrus |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Left Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Right Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Left Accumbens |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Right Caudate |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Right Hippocampus |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Right Amygdala |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Right Accumbens |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Left Caudate |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Left Hippocampus |
|
| Emotion versus Neutral, Left Amygdala |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Insular Cortex |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Cingulate Gyrus, Anterior Division |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Occipital Fusiform Gyrus |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Left Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Right Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Right Amygdala |
|
| Negative Emotions versus Neutral, Left Amygdala |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Negative Feedback, Right Amygdala |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Negative Feedback, Right Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Negative Feedback, Left Laterobasal Amygdala |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Negative Feedback, Ventral Anterior Insula (Sphere) |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Negative Feedback, Anterior Cingulate (Sphere) |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive Feedback, Anterior Cingulate (Sphere) |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive Feedback, Frontal Orbital Cortex |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive Feedback, Ventral Tegmental Area |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive Feedback, Right Caudate |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive Feedback, Right Nucleus Accumbens |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive - Negative Feedback, Anterior Cingulate (Sphere) |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive - Negative Feedback, Frontal Orbital Cortex |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive - Negative Feedback, Ventral Tegmental Area |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive - Negative Feedback, Right Caudate |
|
| Human Minus Computer, Positive - Negative Feedback, Right Nucleus Accumbens |
|
| After spray |
|
| Incongruent Blocks |
|
| Training Blocks |
|