Age-associated loss of muscle mass, termed sarcopenia, is strongly associated with functional impairment and physical disability in the elderly. Maintenance or growth of muscle mass is mainly driven by increased muscle protein synthesis (i.e. the generation of new muscle protein) in response to exercise and feeding. However, several investigations have shown that elderly individuals have a blunted protein synthetic response following protein intake. This inability of the elderly to properly respond to growth stimuli has been termed anabolic resistance and plays a significant role in the development of sarcopenia. However, the precise mechanisms underpinning anabolic resistance are unknown.

It is well established that muscle protein synthesis at the molecular level is regulated by a cellular protein complex called mTORC1. When exposed to a growth stimulus, mTORC1 has been shown to associate with lysosomes, i.e. the intracellular organelles responsible for the breakdown of cellular proteins, and subsequently moving towards the cell periphery.

This movement of lysosome-associated mTORC1 within the cell is believed to be vital for the activation of protein synthesis, as inhibition of lysosomal movement blunts mTORC1 activation in response to amino acids. Thus, dysregulation of lysosomal movement in ageing muscle may represent an underlying mechanism in the development of anabolic resistance. However, this area of research is unexplored in the context of human skeletal muscle. The investigators hypothesize that dysregulation of lysosomal movement plays a central role in the development of age-associated skeletal muscle anabolic resistance.

Inclusion Criteria:

Be a non-smoking male within the specified age range for each group (young; 18-35 yrs, old; 65-75 yrs)

Have a BMI (body mass index, body weight/height in m2) between 18 and 25 kg/m2, which is considered a normal body mass index.

Be in good general health: no cardiovascular diseases or metabolic diseases.

Exclusion Criteria:

Health problems such as: heart disease , metabolic disease such as phenylketonuria, rheumatoid arthritis, uncontrolled hypertension, poor lung function, or any health condition that might put the participant at risk when participating in this study.

Generalized neuromuscular disease (such as Parkinson's disease or motorneuron disease).

Involvement in regular structured resistance exercise training at the time of the study.

Consumption of any analgesic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, or medication that is known to affect protein metabolism (beta-blockers, corticosteroids, NSAIDs).

Participants who have undergone muscle biopsy testing or isotope infusion procedures within the last 5 years.

Allergic to lidocaine