Sleep disorders are commonly under-recognized in the primary care setting and available screening tools are often are limited. The study inestigators hypothesize that the use of a novel subjective sleep vital sign (VS) will improve recognition of patients with sleep disorders and can be utilized to track outcomes to sleep therapy.

Background

The ability to identify patients with sleep disorders is recognized as increasingly important given its association with cardiovascular disease and impact on daytime functioning and quality of life. The Center for Disease Control recently characterized insufficient sleep as a public health issue, while also estimating that 1 in 25 adults admit to falling asleep while driving in a given month. 50 to 70 million Americans are affected by chronic sleep disorders and intermittent sleep problems, yet sleep problems are under-recognized; for example, 80 to 90% of adults with sleep disordered breathing remain undiagnosed. Sleep disorder screening tools are available, but are often limited by the following factors:

1. Surveys may be extensive and thereby limit utilization
2. Screening tools are often targeted for specific sleep disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)) rather than to more comprehensively screen for a wide range of sleep disorders
3. Screening tools may not be useful in assessing outcomes during follow-up care

We propose the development of a sleep vital sign (VS) constructed as a simple-to-use survey tool that can assist primary care in identifying patients with sleep disorders and potentially useful to assess response to treatment. Improved identification of sleep disorders can potentially result in a benefit to the individual patient, to the health system, and to the greater public health.

Study Proposal We plan to investigate the use of a sleep VS (subjective patient reported metric) as a potential tool to identify patients with sleep disorders and to measure outcomes during follow-up care.

This pilot study is structured as a 2-arm randomized, prospective clinical trial with the following specific aims:

1. To determine whether subjective sleep vital signs can improve the rate of identifying patients with sleep disorders in a primary care setting.
2. To determine if subjective sleep vital signs can track patient therapy response for various sleep disorders.
3. To correlate subjective sleep vital sign results with validated sleep measurements (e.g. sleep surveys, Continuous Positive Airway (CPAP) usage)

Methods

This study is a 2-arm randomized clinical trial. Patients checking into Kaiser Fontana Medical Center primary care clinics (Internal Medicine), will be randomized into one of the following pathways: Sleep Vital Sign (VS) Pathway or Usual Care (refer to Workflow Figure). We intend to use the first day of recruitment to identify challenges with protocol implementation in a primary care clinic. Data collected during this day will only be used to compare sleep VS to the other validated sleep questionnaires in the survey packet; however, this data will not be used to compare rates of identifying sleep disorders between sleep VS and usual care pathways.

Sleep VS Pathway When enrolling, we plan to inform the patients that we are performing a study pertaining generally to overall well-being and quality of life, while withholding information that the study pertains specifically to screening for sleep disorders. We believe it is necessary to withhold information (incomplete disclosure) that the study is specifically about sleep disorders in order to limit the risk of selection bias. If "sleep disorders" was provided as full disclosure as the topic of the study, it may incentivize patients with sleep problems to participate in the study (while dis-incentivizing those without sleep problems from participating), thus introducing a potential selection bias. Selection bias could affect the determined accuracy of the sleep VS in identifying sleep disorders which is the primary aim of this study, and negatively affect the scientific and educational value of this study. Furthermore, it would limit our understanding on proper practical implementation into healthcare delivery workflows.

At check-in, a research associate will ask patients if they are interested in participating in a research study. If patient expresses interest, the research associate will explain the study and give an informational sheet utilizing an anticipated IRB approved script. Those who have given verbal consent, after reviewing the information sheet, will be provided a Sleep VS survey packet (packet includes: Sleep VS, sleep-wake assessment, ESS, FOSQ-10, and ISI).

Debriefing process: immediately after the patient completes this "Sleep VS survey packet", the investigator will inform the patient that the purpose of this study specifically pertains to discovering tools that may help medical providers better identify patients with sleep disorders and will provide patient with contact for Dr. Dennis Hwang, the study's primary investigator, in the event that the patient wishes to withdraw their data from inclusion in study analysis.

The proposed Sleep VS is based on the following 2 questions:

1. How many days a week are you not satisfied with your sleep?
2. How many days a week is sleepiness a problem?

For the purposes of this study, the Sleep VS will be considered a positive screen if patients response to 1) or 2) is ≥4 days. Investigators or research associates will review the Sleep VS, and patients that screen positive will be:

1. Asked an extended set of sleep questions (refer to Triaging Algorithm Figure)
2. Brought to the attention of the primary care physician.

A triaging algorithm will be available based on answers to the extended sleep questions to assist the primary care physician with assessment and triaging care (refer to Triaging Algorithm Figure). Patients will primarily be triaged to sleep medicine (for OSA assessment, complex insomnia patients, and other patients with more complex sleep disorders), to health education 4-week cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program for less complex insomnia or remain under the care of the primary care physician. If the patient is referred to sleep medicine, the sleep VS will be performed at each sleep center appointment (it is already part of our standard usual clinical care). The triaging algorithm is a tool to assist the primary care physician with management suggestions, but the physician has the flexibility to manage the patient according to best clinical judgment.

Patients that screen "negative" will not be asked the extended sleep questions nor will they be brought to the attention of the primary care physician. They will proceed with "usual care." If during the course of "usual care", a potential sleep disorder is discussed, the extended sleep questions with triaging algorithm can still be utilized to assist in determining management.

Usual Care Pathway Patients will not be provided the sleep VS packet during check-in. If during the course of usual care, a potential sleep disorder is discussed, the extended sleep questions with triaging algorithm can still be utilized to assist in determining management at the discretion of the primary care physician.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients that have a scheduled office visit with their primary care physician.
• Patients have to be Kaiser Permanente members

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non-English speaking patients unable to understand English to complete the surveys.

This study will be conducted solely within Kaiser Permanente, and it is unnecessary to release IPD to external sources or organizations.