The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) for primary dystonia.

Dystonia is an uncommon brain disorder in which there is abnormal muscle tone producing twisting, writhing movements and abnormal postures. It is associated with abnormal electrical activity in two groups of nerve cells in the brain called the globus pallidus internus (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). GPi DBS appears to be effective for medication-refractory focal and segmental dystonia affecting the cranial and cervical regions in open-label series, but recently GPi stimulation has been associated with subtle motor disturbances in previously non-dystonic body regions (i.e., arms and legs) in this population of patients. DBS of the STN has also been reported to be effective for treating generalized and cervical dystonia in small open label trials. STN DBS for cranial and cervical regions may provide similar efficacy in the treatment of dystonia as GPi DBS, but without unwanted stimulation-induced motor effects. Objectives of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of STN-DBS and GPi-DBS for dystonia; Participants will be evaluated pre- and postoperatively with standard dystonia rating scales including the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS), Changes in cognitive function will be assessed with neuropsychological testing. Stimulation parameters will be documented, and a patient questionnaire will be administered postoperatively to determine if patients are experiencing stimulation-induced motor adverse effects. Patient weight will be recorded at study visits. This pilot study will provide preliminary open label efficacy outcomes for STN DBS in the treatment of primary dystonia and will help determine if this target should be compared to GPi DBS in a larger double-blind trial.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Refractory primary (systemic, segmental) dystonia diagnosed by a movement disorders neurologist
2. Severe functional impairment despite optimal medical management, including failed botulinum toxin therapy
3. Ability to follow up with post-operative study visits
4. Patients and their relatives have reasonable surgery expectations
5. Volunteer to participate in clinical trials, and signed consent form
6. Age 6-60 years

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy or plan a pregnancy
2. Good treatment with Non-invasive therapy
3. Dopamine reactive dystonia ，Genetic degeneration ，Paroxysmal dystonia ，Secondary dystonia， Psychogenic dystonia
4. Brain MRI showing extensive brain atrophy or small vessel ischemic disease
5. Cognitive impairment(MMSE<24)
6. Severe depression or other serious mental illness
7. History of traumatic brain injury, tumor, or severe cerebrovascular disease
8. Severe brain atrophy (diagnosed by CT or MRI)
9. Hyperthermia therapy in implant parts
10. Abnormal in blood inspection, blood clotting disorders, liver and kidney dysfunction, or other clinical judgment cannot tolerate surgery
11. High blood pressure, serious heart diseases, or respiratory diseases
12. Diabetes
13. Long-term treatment of immunosuppressive or hormones
14. Implant pacemakers, defibrillators, cochlear and other nerve stimulators
15. Other diseases need frequent MRI examinations
16. Participated in any other clinical trials within 3 months
17. Reluctant or unable to implant surgery
18. Reluctant or unable to cooperate with follow-up
19. Other exclusion Criteria by researchers

Individual participant data is available upon request.

De-identified data may be available after results have been published

Individual participant data is available upon request.