The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences of gut Microbiome/Metabolite between ESRD patients and healthy subjects. Two hundred and twenty three hemodialysis patients and 70 healthy subjects are recruited, and a cross-sectional study is performed.

For Healthy Subjects

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age over 18 years old
• Liver and kidney function is normal
• 18.5≤BMI≤29.9
• Agree to sign the informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed as Metabolic syndrome
• Diagnosed as Cirrhosis
• Diagnosed as kidney disease
• Taking fermented food (live lactic acid bacteria drinks, cheese, yogurt, probiotic products, etc.) within 14 days before the study
• Taking antibiotics or antifungal drugs within 30 days before the study

For ESRD patients

Inclusion criteria:

• Age over 18 years old
• Patients who diagnosed as ESRD with hemodialysis
• Fixed hemodialysis cycle (average 3 times a week)
• Agree to sign the informed consent form

Exclusion criteria:

• Taking antibiotics or antifungal drugs within 30 days before the study
• Taking fermented food (live lactic acid bacteria drinks, cheese, yogurt, probiotic products, etc.) within 14 days before the study
• Reasercher are not sure whether the subjects are willing or able to complete the study
• Subject participated in other research projects within two months before the study

Two hundred and twenty three ESRD patients with hemodialysis are recruited from Department of Nephrology of 4 hospitals. Seventy healthy subjects are also recruited to compare the microbiome/metabolite differences between two groups.