Participants in the control group will receive an equivalent volume bolus and infusion of normal saline to mimic the ketamine infusion in the ketamine group.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.

In the OR, the investigators will record other indications of anesthetic quality, such as vital signs and the occurrence of any unwanted intra-operative events. Propofol and remifentanil consumption will be quantified, and the requirement of any other interventions will be recorded. The investigators will also record post-operative patient outcomes that have previously been associated with ketamine administration, such as acute post-operative pain intensity, opioid requirements, the occurrence of PONV, and shivering occurring in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU).

Analysis of group differences in secondary intra-operative and post-operative measures will be mainly exploratory, as this study was not designed to detect a definitive difference between these variables. Rather, these data may contribute to a developing body of evidence elucidating the potential benefits of low dose ketamine. Any outliers will be described and discussed on a case-by-base / incidence basis.