(1) Due to missed childhood vaccination programs, the majority of adult patients with NAFLD in Canada do not have immunity to hepatitis B. (2) Adults with NAFLD who receive the HBV vaccine have reduced immunogenic responses in the setting of obesity (i.e., protective anti-HBs titres). Aims: (1) To determine the sero-prevalence of immunity against hepatitis B in a cohort of prospectively evaluated adult NAFLD patients. (2) To prospectively determine HBV vaccine responses (anti-HBs titres) in adult NAFLD patients.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is truly a global human pathogen that affects at least 2 billion people worldwide including ~240 million chronic hepatitis B (CHB) carriers that are at risk for end-stage liver disease. The diagnosis of CHB is confirmed by the persistence of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum for >6 months. However, a latent form of HBV infection known as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) characterized by low-level viremia (i.e., HBV DNA < 200 IU/ml) despite undetectable serum HBsAg has been described with unclear clinical consequences.

A safe and effective HBV vaccine has been available for ~3 decades and consists of recombinant HBsAg which contains the major viral antigenic epitopes and induces a protective neutralizing antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) response in >85% of children vaccinated. Canada is a low HBV-endemic region and in Alberta, and Ontario, public health uses maternal screening for HBsAg to identify babies at-risk for CHB. Thus, all infants born to HBsAg (+) mothers are given passive-active immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and the HBV vaccine within 12 hours of birth, as well as 2 doses at ~2 and ~6 months of age. Testing of the infants for anti-HBs is recommended at 9 months to ensure immunity. In the late 1990's, a universal HBV childhood vaccination program was initiated in all Canadian provinces and jurisdictions. In Alberta and in Ontario, school-age children are scheduled to receive the 3-dose HBV vaccine series in grade 5. However there remain a significant proportion of adult Canadians (i.e., born before 1985) who missed childhood vaccination programs. Although current guidelines recommend that certain high-risk populations receive hepatitis B immunization, appropriate identification and compliance is generally much lower in adults compared to children.

According to the most recent Canadian Association for the Study of Liver Disease guidelines, all adults with diabetes, as well as all patients with chronic liver disease should receive the hepatitis B vaccine. The basis for these recommendations are two-fold, (1) diabetics may be at risk of blood-borne virus (BBV) exposure through contact with contaminated blood glucose monitoring devices and (2) diabetic patients are at increased risk of the metabolic syndrome and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The improvement in blood glucose monitoring devices, and increased knowledge has reduced the risk of HBV exposure in patients with diabetes. Further, the investigators' initial seroepidemiological survey of acute HBV outbreaks in Alberta revealed a decreasing prevalence in diabetic patients. Therefore the main incentive for HBV vaccination in diabetics is due to the concomitant risk of the metabolic syndrome and advanced liver disease due to NAFLD. There is limited data on HBV vaccination in NAFLD patients. Further studies are required in a North American adult (Canadian population).

The investigators propose that adults with NAFLD should undergo comprehensive screening for hepatitis B immunogenicity, in addition to screening for infection, and catch up or booster vaccinations should be administered to non-immunized patients with confirmatory immunity testing thereafter.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subjects 18-60 years of age, who provide signed informed consent
• Diagnosis of NAFLD/NASH according to expert assessment (by imaging, TE, abnormal lab tests and/or liver biopsy)
• No evidence of prior infection or immunity to hepatitis B (negative HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Subjects < 18 years of age,
• Subjects who refused vaccination
• Have documented immunity / prior exposure to hepatitis B (i.e., positive for ant-HBs, anti-HBc, HBsAg)
• Pregnancy
• HIV-positive
• Decompensated cirrhosis (i.e., Child-Pugh Class B or C) due to impact on immune response.
• Subjects >60 y will be excluded, due to effect of age and reduced response to HBV vaccination.

NAFLD patients will be recruited from large tertiary liver clinics in Canada

7 patients lost to follow-up.

Each patient was assessed with 18 months of their baseline visit. Antibodies titers were assessed within 3 months after their last hepatitis vaccine dose.