Vaginal Surgery for the Pelvic Floor: A Randomized Trial of Synthetic Mesh Versus Synthetic Sutures
Vaginal Surgery for the Pelvic Floor: A Randomized Trial of Synthetic Mesh Versus Synthetic Sutures
This is a Canadian, multi-centre, double-blind randomized controlled trial of an innovative vaginal surgery technique for correction of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in women. Vaginal surgery is preferred as minimally invasive, however the investigators do not know if materials such as synthetic polypropylene mesh improve success, durability and cost-effectiveness long-term. The investigators principal goal is to compare the experimental bilateral sacrospinous vaginal vault fixation with synthetic mesh arms (BSSVF-M) to the current standard of sacrospinous ligament suspension with synthetic sutures (SSLS) over a timeline of 2 years. Patients and evaluators will be blind to technique.
Background and Rationale:
The pelvic floor comprises muscles, nerves and a fascial network with dynamic, elastic ligaments of support. Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) occurs when the capacity to accommodate pressure and stretch is exceeded and increases with childbirth and aging. One in five women need surgery for POP. POP suspension performed vaginally is among the most important ideas in gynecology in the past few decades, however the investigators do not know which technique is best. The principal applicant has developed a novel surgery: bilateral sacrospinous vaginal vault fixation with synthetic mesh arms (BSSVF-M), which may be more successful, durable and cost-effective than standard sacrospinous ligament suspension with sutures (SSLS) and may thus become the preferred vaginal POP surgery both nationally and internationally. A Cochrane review on surgical management of POP concluded that "adequately powered RCTs with blinding of assessors are urgently needed […] they particularly need to include women's perceptions." The OPTIMAL trial, a large RCT comparing 2 POP surgeries, established a stringent definition of success using a composite outcome of objectively measured POP, subjective improvement and the need for another treatment for POP recurrence.
Identifying the best way to surgically suspend the vagina for POP can make the difference between a woman who can enjoy a desired level of physical activity at work or play, empty her bowel and bladder without concerns, engage in a normal sexual life and a woman who can't perform these basic activities without discomfort, pain, worry and shame. The vaginal approach for pelvic surgery offers less pain, a shorter hospital stay, a faster recovery and no external incisions. However, what is the safest, most durable, most cost-effective vaginal POP surgery? Prior operations have produced unacceptable complications or a need for reoperation for POP recurrence. Further suffering for women and unacceptable healthcare costs ensued. Because seniors (over age 65) are the fastest growing age group in Canada, the CIHR states research into aging should be prioritized. By 2031, Statistics Canada estimates the number of senior women to reach 5.1 million or 24% of the total female population. Women have longer life expectancy than men. The burden of POP increases with age; 1 of 2 women over 80 experience pelvic floor dysfunction. For some aging women, vaginal surgery is the only option because of comorbidities precluding more invasive or lengthier open abdominal surgeries. Currently, there is true clinical equipoise between BSSVF-M and SSLS. Our novel mesh insertion technique, BSSVF-M, offers the advantages of small size, deep, tension-free and tailored to individual anatomy. This ensures midline restoration of the vaginal axis and maintains flexibility for normal bladder, bowel and sexual function. Tension-free insertion of BSSVF-M is a key difference with SSLS, which pulls the vagina tight against ligaments, causing pain or the return of POP after SSLS. Surgical innovation is important but adoption of new procedures needs reliable evidence acquired through a rigorous Innovation, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study (IDEAL) paradigm.
The investigators have been studying BSSVF-M over the past 9 years. Initial development included a magnetic resonance imaging study establishing restoration of pelvic anatomy comparable to normal. An exploratory prospective cohort study followed, showing BSSVF-M to be safe, easily taught to other surgeons and successful in 77% of women at one year, with the OPTIMAL composite outcome. This is superior to the reported 60% success of the SSLS and informed our power calculation for the proposed RCT. An informal survey of 50 Western Society for Pelvic Medicine surgeons indicated that an average of 14% increase in composite outcome success would be sufficient to adopt a new vaginal suspension technique. The investigators are now at the IDEAL assessment stage, where our novel technique warrants an RCT before widespread adoption. The results of this trial will directly inform surgeons whether mesh should be used for vaginal repair of POP and how to counsel patients. This trial includes knowledge translation for women to understand pelvic floor symptoms, related condition-specific quality of life, sexual health and body image after two vaginal surgery procedures. A rigorous cost effectiveness analysis will inform different stakeholders and policy makers regarding cost effectiveness.
Primary Objective:
To compare BSSVF-M vs. SSLS via the OPTIMAL composite outcome measure at 2 years.
Secondary Objectives:
To determine condition-specific urinary, bowel and POP symptoms, quality of life, new onset pelvic pain, gender-specific body image, sexuality, global improvement, adverse events, reoperations and health utility up to 2 years post BSSVF-M vs. SSLS. Validated questionnaires and adverse event schemes will be used. A Markov model will estimate 10-year health benefits and costs of surgery.
Interventions:
Patients > age 19, symptomatic POP (stage 1-4) randomized to BSSVF-M or SSLS. Both surgeries are performed through the same vaginal incisions. BSSVF-M uses bilateral synthetic polypropylene mesh arms for support of the vaginal wall and SSLS uses two synthetic sutures attached uni- or bilaterally. As both are performed through the same incision, women will not know their treatment. Group assignment will remain blinded through trial end. Surgeons will receive group allocation immediately prior to surgery. To diminish bias, research personnel conducting pelvic exams to evaluate the primary outcome will be blind to the type of procedure. Patients will be seen and examined at 6 weeks, 1 yr and 2 yrs following surgery. They will fill out questionnaires. At 6 months postoperatively, they will receive a phone call and will fill out a questionnaire for health utility purposes.
Recruitment/Timeline:
The investigators anticipate recruiting over 2.5 yrs (fall 2016-spring 2019). Total timeline for the trial is 5 yrs, to ensure follow-up of all recruited women for 2 yrs postop. The main centre in Vancouver (2 surgeons) is committed to recruiting 1-2 patients per week or 130 total. Edmonton (1 surgeon), Calgary (1 surgeon) and Montreal (2 surgeons) would recruit 76 patients each. Based on prior experience with the pilot study of BSSVF-M and OPTIMAL, the investigators anticipate approximately 90% of invited women will volunteer and 5% of those will change their mind about participation at baseline. Given the NPA performs 4 to 8 vaginal surgeries for POP per month, the investigators anticipate no recruitment challenges. Based on surgical volumes and commitment to research, the other sites should also reach targets. All surgeons are experts at vaginal surgery for POP (including SSLS) and all except one have performed BSSVF-M. They do not currently offer BSSVF-M outside research studies. According to national credentialing organizations and our surgical survey, surgeons require at least 5 and on average 8 procedures to become familiar with a new vaginal POP technique. Assistance with 8 cases will be provided to the surgeon untrained to perform BSSVF-M. In addition, video instruction will be provided to standardize procedure and materials.
Challenges/Mitigation:
Compliance problems:
Compliance with follow-up may be an issue due to the follow up for 2 years. Patients will be screened for future compliance at recruitment and the coordinator at each site will follow each patient quarterly over the 2 years, asking for updated contact information at each time point.
Loss to follow-up:
The investigators anticipate similarities in loss to follow-up (15%) to OPTIMAL. To mitigate loss to follow-up, the investigators will reimburse patient parking and traveling costs with a small stipend.
Unblinding of participants:
In the event of complications arising from either surgery, patients or assessors may become aware of the group assignment. For example, if a patient develops exposure of the vaginal mesh, the pelvic examination will reveal this at various time points and surgery may be needed to remove the mesh exposed in the vagina. This may introduce bias in assessments at various time points, however it will likely not affect the primary composite outcome measure at 2 years. Based on our prior experience with BSSVF-M, the investigators anticipate unblinding complications to be less than 5% of the total sample. The primary surgeon who deals with complications and need for reoperation is not involved in pelvic examination assessments. Most complications will be corrected by 2 years, so the blinded assessor at 2 years will be unable to identify group assignment.
Sample size:
179 women/group (358 total). Our Western Canadian survey of 50 surgeons indicated the smallest clinically relevant difference to change surgical practice would be an absolute change of 14%. The proportion of success in the control SSLS group was 60.5% in the OPTIMAL trial and the success rate with BSSVF-M was 77% in our one-year pilot study. Our pilot study was small and designed to inform a power calculation for an RCT; it did not study long-term results, cost effectiveness or KT strategies. Studies of mesh vs sutures in surgery for urinary incontinence indicate that mesh is more successful, durable and cost-effective than sutures, therefore the investigators expect similar results for POP, with sustained durability of mesh over time. Our primary analytic strategy, following the example of the OPTIMAL trial, will include only patients who come for 2-yr follow-up or who were failures on the last follow-up. Patients who do not come to their 2-yr follow-up but who were failures at last follow-up will be counted as failures. Sample size was determined based on a two-sample test of independent proportions, using two-sided µ=0.05, anticipated successful outcome rates 60 and 75%, power=80% and yielded 152 patients/group. To account for an estimated 15% loss to follow-up (patients who never had a follow-up visit or who were deemed successful on their last follow-up), similar to the OPTIMAL trial, our sample size was increased to 179 per group.
Allocation:
Random allocation is via a web-based allocation system. A statistician will generate a list of random allocations, stratified by surgeon and using randomly sized permuted blocks to prevent bias in guessing the next treatment allocation. Although all surgeons will be skilled in both techniques, differences in experience may impact outcomes. By stratifying for surgeon, the investigators ensure similar numbers of allocations to each treatment in each hospital.
Patients will be enrolled by research personnel at each participating centre. The site coordinator will randomize the patient prior to surgery using the web-based allocation system.
Patients will be blinded to the type of procedure received until 2 years after surgery.
Research personnel evaluating outcomes at each in person visit will be blinded to the type of procedure received by participants.
Ethics and dissemination
This protocol and the informed consent forms will be reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each participating centre with respect to scientific content and human subject regulations. The participant education and recruitment materials (and other requested documents as necessary) will also be reviewed and approved by the ethical review bodies at each participating centre. Subsequent to initial review and approval, the responsible IRBs will review the protocol at least annually. Each collaborator will make safety and progress reports to the IRBs at least annually and within 3 months of study termination. Any modifications to the protocol will require a formal amendment with each IRB.
Trained research personnel will introduce the trial to patients who will be shown educational materials regarding pelvic organ prolapse and the trial interventions. Patients will have an informed discussion with the participating personnel who will obtain written consent for participation. Patients will receive information sheets and a copy of the consent form.
All trial-related information will be stored securely at the coordinating centre in Vancouver. All participant-related information will be stored in locked file cabinets in areas with limited access. All records that contain names or other personal identifiers will be stored separately from study records identified by code number. All local databases will be secured with password-protected access systems. Participants' study information will not be released outside of the study without the written permission of the participant, except as necessary for monitoring by government and regulatory authorities. To ensure confidentiality, data dispersed to trial team members will be blinded of any identifying participant information.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: