Effects of Oral Supplementation With Creatine on Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Systemic Microvascular Endothelial Function in Vegetarian Individuals
Effects of Oral Supplementation With Creatine on Plasma Homocysteine Levels and Systemic Microvascular Endothelial Function in Vegetarian Individuals
The present study aims at investigating the effects of the oral supplementation with creatine on the systemic microvascular reactivity and plasma levels of homocysteine in vegetarian individuals of the vegan type.
A vegetarian is an individual who lives on a diet of grains, pulses, legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, fungi, algae, yeast and/or some other non-animal-based foods, with or without, dairy products, honey and/or eggs. A vegetarian does not eat foods that consist of, or have been produced with the aid of products consisting of or created from, any part of the body of a living or dead animal. This includes meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, insects, by-products of slaughter** or any food made with processing aids created from these.
There are different types of vegetarian: i) Lacto-ovo-vegetarians eat both dairy products and eggs; this is the most common type of vegetarian diet; ii) Lacto-vegetarians eat dairy products but avoid eggs; iii) Ovo-vegetarians eat eggs but not dairy products; iv) Vegans do not eat dairy products, eggs, or any other products which are derived from animals.
Vegetarian individuals are considered to have lower cardiovascular risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases and lower cardiovascular mortality, when compared to omnivore individuals.
Nevertheless, some vegetarian diets may result in the deficiency of micronutrients and induce deficiency in some compounds such as vitamins, amino-acids, iron, zinc, calcium, omega-3 fatty acids and so on.
Moreover, vegetarian individuals can present deficiency in amino-acids such as carnosine and creatine, present essentially in the skeletal muscle of animals. In this context, deficiency in creatine has been considered as a risk factor for hyperhomocysteinemia and the consequent dysfunction of the vascular endothelium.
Hyperhomocysteinemia also is known to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases similar to hypertension, smoke and dyslipidemia.
In the present study, we investigate the effects of creatine supplementation in the systemic microvascular endothelial function and density in vegan-vegetarians presenting with normo- or hyperhomocysteinemia using laser-based skin flowmetry and video-capillaroscopy. We also investigate the effects of creatine supplementation on lipid and glycemic profile and plasma homocysteine levels.
Microvascular reactivity is evaluated using a laser speckle contrast imaging system in combination with the iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh), for the noninvasive and continuous measurement of cutaneous microvascular perfusion changes.
Microvascular density in the skin is evaluated using intravital video-microscopy.
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