This is a phase I study to evaluate the safety, efficacy and tolerability of a novel tracheal replacement therapy using cadaveric de-cellularised tracheal scaffold and patients' own mesenchymal cells isolated from a sample of their bone marrow in patients' who suffer from severe tracheal malacia or stenosis.

This is a phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and potential efficacy of a novel tracheal replacement therapy using a cadaveric tracheal scaffold and patients own mesenchymal cells isolated from a sample of the patients own bone marrow. The study is aimed at treating patients who suffer from severe tracheal stenosis or malacia and for whom conventional therapies are no longer adequate. A total of 4 patients will be treated during the course of this study.

A hospital multi disciplinary team will review the medical history and available treatment options for all potential patients and recommend whether they are suitable for the study. Once patients are approved they will enter an 8 week screening period. During this period bone marrow from the patient will be harvested and the manufacturing of the final graft tissue will start. The manufacturing facility will use a cadaveric donated decellularised tracheal scaffold (supplied by the NHS blood and transplant body) and the patients own cells to make the final investigational product (graft).

The product will be surgically grafted into the patient in place of the damaged tracheal section. The graft will be supported by a stent for the first 6 months with replacements of this stent occurring at week 8 and week 16 post-surgical procedure. Hospitalization for a number of days will be required during this replacement steps. The patient will be followed frequently post surgery to capture any safety and efficacy measures. Long term follow up will continue up to 5 years post surgery.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male or female subjects 18 years or older (all subjects must provide written informed consent)
• Stent or tracheostomy dependent diagnosis of tracheal stenosis or tracheomalacia (Cotton-Myers grade 2 or more)
• Subjects in the above categories for whom further conventional therapies are no longer adequate

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pregnancy
• Subjects unable to provide informed consent
• Prior tracheal transplant
• No viable bone marrow cells within the screening period
• Subjects who have conventional treatment options still available that may have additive impact
• Subject diagnosed or treated for a malignancy within 1 year of study entry or who have previously been diagnosed with a malignancy and have any radiographic or biochemical biomarker evidence of malignancy. Subjects with completely resected basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or in situ malignancy are not excluded
• Subject with active inflammatory or infectious conditions such as polychondritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis ('Wegener's'), sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
• Co-morbid moderate or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as defined in Global Initiative for COPD, 2011 2, that is unrelated to tracheal stenosis or malacia
• Subjects with known presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAG) or Hepatitis C antibody
• Subject with clinically relevant or recent (within 2 years) history of substance abuse, including alcohol
• Serious medical or psychiatric illness likely to interfere with participation in the study
• Participation in any other clinical trial within previous 30 days of the start of this study or concurrent participation in another clinical trial.

Study and analysis will be published upon completion.