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In this investigation the investigators utilized N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation to enhance reduced glutathione (GSH) stores during an 8-day recovery period from a strenuous eccentric exercise protocol in order to test the hypotheses: i) redox status perturbations in skeletal muscle are pivotal for the immune responses and ii) antioxidant supplementation may alter immune cell responses following exercise-induced muscle microtrauma.
The major thiol-disulfide couple of GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is a crucial regulator of the main transcriptional pathways regulating aseptic inflammation and recovery of skeletal muscle following aseptic injury. Antioxidant supplementation may hamper exercise-induced inflammatory responses.
The objective was to examine how thiol-based antioxidant supplementation affects immune mobilization following exercise-induced skeletal muscle microtrauma. In a two-trial, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, 10 young men received either placebo or NAC (20 mg/kg/day) immediately after a muscle-damaging exercise protocol (300 eccentric contractions) and for eight consecutive days. Blood sampling and performance assessment were performed pre-exercise, 2h post-exercise and daily for 8 consecutive days.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| n-acetylcysteine | Experimental | orally in three daily dosages, at 20 mg/kg/day, daily for eight days after exercise |
|
| Placebo | Active Comparator | orally in three daily dosages, content: 500 mL drink that contained water (375 mL), sugar-free cordial (125 ml), and 2 g of low-calorie glucose/dextrose powder |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n-acetylcysteine | Dietary Supplement | 20 mg//kg/day, orally, daily for eight days following exercise |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in protein carbonyls in red blood cells | Concentration of protein carbonyls | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in red blood cells | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in red blood cells | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in total antioxidant capacity in serum | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise | |
| Changes in reduced glutathione in blood | Concentration of reduced glutathione in red blood cells | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in oxidized glutathione in blood | Concentration of oxidized glutathione in red blood cells | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in catalase activity in red blood cells | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise | |
| Changes in creatine kinase activity in serum | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise | |
| Changes in high sensitivity C-reactive protein in serum |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in muscle performance | Assessment of maximal knee extensor eccentric peak torque on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60o/s. | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in delayed onset of muscle soreness |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Asimina Mitrakou, Associate Prof. | Department of Diabetes and Metabolism Unit of the Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Clinical Therapeutics | Athens | 11527 | Greece |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000111 | Acetylcysteine |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003545 | Cysteine |
| D000603 | Amino Acids, Sulfur |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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| Placebo | Dietary Supplement | 500 mL orally, daily for eight days following exercise |
|
| Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 1 day post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 3 days post-exercise |
| Changes in white blood cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in adhesion molecule concentration in blood | Measurement of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations in plasma | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 1 day post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 3 days post-exercise |
| Changes in cytokine concentration in serum | Measurement of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 1 day post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 3 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise |
| Changes in neutrophil count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of neutrophil count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in lymphocyte count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of lymphocyte count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in monocyte count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of monocyte count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in basophil count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of baseophil count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in eosinophil count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of eosinophil count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in T-helper cell count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of T-helper cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in T cytotoxic cell count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of T cytotoxic cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in natural killer-T (NK-T) cell count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of NK-T cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in 62L macrophage count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of 62L macrophage count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in B lympho cell count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of B lympho cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in natural killer (NK) cell count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of natural killer cell count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in macrophage count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of macrophage count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in HLA+/Macr+ macrophage count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of HLA+/Macr+ count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Changes in 11B+ macrophage count in blood | Cytofluorometric analysis of 11B+ macrophage count in blood | Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
Assessment of the delayed onset of muscle soreness by palpation of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris following a squat motion |
| Pre-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| Maximal aerobic capacity | Assessment of maximal oxygen consumption | One day before exercise |
| Body composition | Measurement of body composition by Dual Emission X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) | One day before exercise |
| Changes in dietary intake profile | Assessment of dietary intake with emphasis on antioxidant element intake | One day before exercise and daily for 8 consecutive days post-exercise |
| D000596 |
| Amino Acids |
| D000602 | Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |