The purpose of this study is to compare DUA (discrete uptake accumulations) of mIBG activity in patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation and within a sub-group of healthy subjects.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female patients, age ≥ 18 and ≤ 80 years.
2. Male or female, age ≥ 50 years in the healthy volunteers group
3. No heart pathology (for volunteers)
4. PAF, Pers AF and L-s Pers AF (ECG documented).
5. LVEF ≥ 50%
6. Able to provide written informed consent
7. Able to comply with the requirements of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous AF ablation therapy
2. Clinical evidence of active coronary ischemia, significant valvular heart disease, or hemodynamically significant congenital cardiac abnormality
3. Recent (3 months) myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or transient ischemic attack (except if the patient had a DES implanted stent post-MI it would be one year)
4. Contra-indication to Iodine-123 Meta-iodobenzylguanidine (123I-mIBG), iodine, isoproterenol
5. Use of medication for non-cardiac medical conditions that is known to interfere with 123I-mIBG uptake and cannot be safely withheld for at least 24 hours prior to the D-SPECT study procedures