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This project will investigate the synergistic effects of Aerobic and Resistance type Exercise, in combination with Protein Supplementation, on; Body Composition, Musculoskeletal Functioning, Nutritional Status and Quality of Life in Age-related Sarcopenia.
Musculoskeletal ageing is an inevitable process associated with profound morphological and functional changes that will ultimately transition an individual from independent, to dependable living, relying heavily on personal health care for survival. The United Kingdom (UK) population aged over 65 years is expected to rise from 8.8 to 11.3 million by 2025. As life expectancy increases due to advances in medical treatment, an age-related disease termed sarcopenia, has become more prevalent in the elderly. Sarcopenia, described as the loss of musculoskeletal mass, strength and/or physical functioning with age, manifests after the 6th decade and rapidly increases after the 8th decade, resulting in a deterioration of health status and quality of life. To manage the looming health and economic consequences of sarcopenia, suitable therapeutic strategies to manage the condition are warranted. Therefore, this randomised control trial (RCT) will investigate the effects of 16-weeks of exercise and nutritional interventions in inactive senior citizens (60 - 90 years old).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | No Intervention | No Intervention | |
| Exercise | Experimental |
|
|
| Exercise+Nutrition | Experimental |
|
|
| Nutrition | Experimental | Dietary Supplement: Protein Supplementation i.e. 1.2-1.5g/kg/body weight per day |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein Supplementation | Dietary Supplement | 1.2-1.5g/kg/body weight per day |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body Composition: Lean Muscle/Fat Tissue 1) appendicular lean mass (kg) divided by height (meters-squared) and 2) appendicular lean mass divided by body mass index | 16 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Grip Strength: Hand Grip Dynanometer (kg) | 16 weeks | |
| Gait speed during timed 4-meter walk (m/s) | 16 Weeks | |
| Time to complete five chair rises (m/s) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Dr Omid Alizadehkhaiyat, MD, PhD | Liverpool Hope University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liverpool Hope University | Liverpool | Merseyside | L16 9JD | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20392703 | Background | Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, Martin FC, Michel JP, Rolland Y, Schneider SM, Topinkova E, Vandewoude M, Zamboni M; European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing. 2010 Jul;39(4):412-23. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq034. Epub 2010 Apr 13. | |
| 27023595 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D055948 | Sarcopenia |
| D009133 | Muscular Atrophy |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001284 | Atrophy |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D055070 | Resistance Training |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Aerobic Exercise | Other | 30-60 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise |
|
| Resistance Exercise | Other | 60 minutes per week of progressive resistance training |
|
| 16 Weeks |
| Balance assessment: 1) feet side to side, 2) semi-tandem, 3) full tandem, and 4) single leg. Scored as Yes or No. | 16 Weeks |
| Isometric Strength - Knee Flexion/Extension: Dynanometer (Nm/Kg) | 16 Weeks |
| Muscle Fatigue: Upper & Lower limb: 25% of MVC during 60 seconds using Electromyography (EMG), measured in millivolts (mV) | 16 Weeks |
| Exercise Tolerance: Six Minute Walk Test (metres) | 16 Weeks |
| 10-metre Gait analysis during habitual walking speed using Electromyography (EMG) | 16 Weeks |
| 10-metre Gait analysis during habitual walking speed using Three-Dimensional Motion Capture - 1) Spatiotemporal, 2) Kinematics | 16 Weeks |
| Biochemical: Glycated Haemoglobin (HBA1c) (%) | 16 Weeks |
| Biochemical: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) (mg/L) | 16 Weeks |
| Biochemical: Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) (ng/ml) | 16 Weeks |
| Arterial Pressure: Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s) | 16 Weeks |
| Energy Balance: Periodic Food Diary (Kcal) | 16 Weeks |
| World Health Organization Quality Of Life Assessment (WHOQOL): Each question is scored from 1-5 on a response scale | 16 Weeks |
| Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12): Each question is scored between 1-6 on a response scale | 16 Weeks |
| Activities of Daily Living (ADL): Each response is scored as either: 0 or 1 | 16 Weeks |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): Each correct response is scored as 1 point | 16 Weeks |
| Nutritional Status: Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) - Classified as (Low, Moderate, High risk) | 16 weeks |
| Background |
| Witard OC, Wardle SL, Macnaughton LS, Hodgson AB, Tipton KD. Protein Considerations for Optimising Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy Young and Older Adults. Nutrients. 2016 Mar 23;8(4):181. doi: 10.3390/nu8040181. |
| 25539836 | Background | Lourenco RA, Perez-Zepeda M, Gutierrez-Robledo L, Garcia-Garcia FJ, Rodriguez Manas L. Performance of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People algorithm in screening older adults for muscle mass assessment. Age Ageing. 2015 Mar;44(2):334-8. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afu192. Epub 2014 Dec 23. |
| 26966433 | Background | Yu SC, Khow KS, Jadczak AD, Visvanathan R. Clinical Screening Tools for Sarcopenia and Its Management. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2016;2016:5978523. doi: 10.1155/2016/5978523. Epub 2016 Feb 4. |
| 26894275 | Background | Churchward-Venne TA, Holwerda AM, Phillips SM, van Loon LJ. What is the Optimal Amount of Protein to Support Post-Exercise Skeletal Muscle Reconditioning in the Older Adult? Sports Med. 2016 Sep;46(9):1205-12. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0504-2. |
| 26921660 | Background | Kraschnewski JL, Sciamanna CN, Poger JM, Rovniak LS, Lehman EB, Cooper AB, Ballentine NH, Ciccolo JT. Is strength training associated with mortality benefits? A 15year cohort study of US older adults. Prev Med. 2016 Jun;87:121-127. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.038. Epub 2016 Feb 24. |
| 26878863 | Background | Witard OC, McGlory C, Hamilton DL, Phillips SM. Growing older with health and vitality: a nexus of physical activity, exercise and nutrition. Biogerontology. 2016 Jun;17(3):529-46. doi: 10.1007/s10522-016-9637-9. Epub 2016 Feb 15. |
| 26844538 | Background | Chang SF, Lin PL. Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association of Sarcopenia With Mortality. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2016 Apr;13(2):153-62. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12147. Epub 2016 Feb 4. |
| 26302881 | Background | Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2016 Sep;26(9):995-1006. doi: 10.1111/sms.12536. Epub 2015 Aug 24. |
| 25268791 | Background | Xu ZR, Tan ZJ, Zhang Q, Gui QF, Yang YM. Clinical effectiveness of protein and amino acid supplementation on building muscle mass in elderly people: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014 Sep 30;9(9):e109141. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109141. eCollection 2014. |
| 25809808 | Background | Komar B, Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Effects of leucine-rich protein supplements on anthropometric parameter and muscle strength in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2015 Apr;19(4):437-46. doi: 10.1007/s12603-014-0559-4. |
| 20833863 | Background | Ko SU, Hausdorff JM, Ferrucci L. Age-associated differences in the gait pattern changes of older adults during fast-speed and fatigue conditions: results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of ageing. Age Ageing. 2010 Nov;39(6):688-94. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afq113. Epub 2010 Sep 10. |
| 34520104 | Derived | Kirk B, Mooney K, Vogrin S, Jackson M, Duque G, Khaiyat O, Amirabdollahian F. Leucine-enriched whey protein supplementation, resistance-based exercise, and cardiometabolic health in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021 Dec;12(6):2022-2033. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12805. Epub 2021 Sep 14. |
| 31133863 | Derived | Kirk B, Mooney K, Amirabdollahian F, Khaiyat O. Exercise and Dietary-Protein as a Countermeasure to Skeletal Muscle Weakness: Liverpool Hope University - Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT). Front Physiol. 2019 Apr 25;10:445. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00445. eCollection 2019. |
| D020763 |
| Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |
| D064797 | Physical Conditioning, Human |