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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R144 A5460 | Other Grant/Funding Number | Region Hovedstadens Forskningsfond til Sundhedsforskning | |
| H-16032518 | Other Identifier | Approval by the National Committee on Health Research Ethics |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg | OTHER |
| Cambridge Weight Plan Limited | INDUSTRY |
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Angina is the most common symptom of coronary heart disease among women but unlike men most women do not have stenosis of the coronary arteries. In a large proportion of these women, coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is thought to be the cause of angina. However, CMD is also demonstrable in the asymptomatic population, and may merely be an innocent bystander related to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors rather than a cause of angina symptoms.
The aim of this study is to determine whether comprehensive intervention is feasible and results in improvement in both angina and microvascular function in these patients.
Coronary microvascular dysfunction is found to be associated with a significant adverse prognosis. The condition is strongly associated with increased future risk of major cardiovascular events, frequent hospital readmission, continued angina and loss of quality of life compared to the general population.
Pathophysiology of microvessel disease:
In the heart 95% of the blood flow is controlled by the microcirculation. When oxygen demand is increased the normal response of the microvessels is to reduce resistance in order to increase flow. When microvessels are dysfunctional the blood flow in the larger coronary vessels does not increase sufficiently to meet oxygen demand, thus leading to ischemia and pain. The main causes are thought to be dysfunction of endothelium and structural changes such as perivascular fibrosis and changes in vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition to vasodilation the endothelium plays a central role in the atherosclerotic process by generating vasoactive and anticoagulant factors that are important mediators of thrombosis. Coronary microvessel dysfunction (CMD) has been shown to be a strong predictor of poor cardiovascular prognosis in a wide group of cardiac patients.
Rationale for intervention:
In women with angina and no obstructive stenosis of the coronary vessels cardiovascular risk factors are common. Among 3000 Danish women with angina and open arteries, 12% had diabetes, 48% hypertension, 20% were smokers and the mean body mass index was 27 kg/m2. In a randomized trial among overweight patients with coronary artery disease both a large weight loss and intensive exercise training have shown to significantly improve coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). Small studies addressing risk factors individually suggest an effect on peripheral vascular function of exercise training, statin therapy, and weight loss. Pre-diabetes is found in eighty percent of these patients and is strongly associated to microvessel disease. Lifestyle intervention significantly reduces risk of developing diabetes. Medical treatment targeting microvessel dysfunction in patients with angina has not been systematically tested but small studies indicate an effect of beta-blockers and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)-inhibition on coronary microvessel function. Small studies indicate effect of individual interventions but mainly on the function of peripheral vessels. A comprehensive intervention simultaneously targeting CMD and angina has not previously been attempted.
The rationale for this present intervention is to test this concept in women with angina and CMD.The study is a pilot study which, if successful, will be expanded to a multicentre, intervention trial with prognostic outcome. A large study showing improved prognosis is of crucial importance for treatment of this patient group to become part of guidelines.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight loss, training, medication | Experimental | The intervention program consists of a comprehensive 24-week treatment period of: 1) Body weight loss without significant loss of muscle mass, through low energy diet combined with 2) Exercise training based on interval training and resistance exercise and 3) Optimal medical treatment for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (with statin and ACE-inhibition). Further, participants in this allocation group receive nutrition counselling. The diet products are sponsored by Cambridge Weight Plan. No persons with interest in Cambridge Weight Plan will take part in the intervention phase, analyzing phase, data processing, or publication of data in this study. |
|
| Control | No Intervention | The control group receives 24 weeks of usual care according to guidelines of Danish Cardiology Society. Treatment of angina pectoris in absence of coronary artery disease is normally provided by the patient's general practitioner and does not comprise intensive lifestyle intervention or medical treatment. If control group participants in this study need medical therapy for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, this will be effectuated by the researcher, MD. Then, control participants will be monitored with blood pressure and LDL blood samples and receive medicine adjustments according to National Prevention Guidelines during the full study period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Dietary Supplement | Weight loss achieved by following an evidence-based low energy diet of 800-1200 kcal/day for 12 weeks (Cambridge Weight Plan). Hereafter follow 12 weeks of 'weight maintenance' with consumption of normal heart healthy diet. Goal: total weight loss of at least 10% without significant loss of muscle mass. Monitored and supervised by a dietician |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in coronary microvascular function | Coronary microvascular function will be assessed by transthoracic Doppler stress echocardiography (TTDSE) and measured as Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve (CFVR). CFVR is a measure of microvascular dysfunction in the absence of upstream coronary stenosis. CFVR is the ratio of flow during stress and flow during rest and will be measured with TTDSE of the left anterior descending artery before and during infusion of high dose adenosine (0.14 mg/kg/min). | Up to 24 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in symptom burden assessed by the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) | The SAQ is a reliable, predictive tool that has been validated in 175 women with a confirmed diagnosis of stable coronary artery disease and angina pectoris. It is a 19-item health-related quality-of-life measure for patients with coronary artery disease. The answers given by the patients in the SAQ's questions are used to calculate scores in five scales: 1. Anginal Stability, 2. Anginal Frequency, 3. Physical Limitation, 4. Treatment Satisfaction and 5) Quality of Life. Scale scores are transformed to a 0-100 range by subtracting the lowest possible scale score, dividing by the range of the scale and multiplying by 100. Higher scores indicate less symptom burden. Because each scale monitors a unique dimension of coronary artery disease, no summary score is generated. A score change of 10 points is clinically perceptible to patients and is considered a clinically relevant difference, while a substantial change is considered to be a change of 20 points. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Patients will be recruited and included from the ongoing iPower study.(the acronym iPower stands for: improving diagnosis and treatment of women with angina pectoris and microvascular disease)
Female gender
40-75 years of age
Referred to a cardiac centre for assessment with coronary angiography due to chest pain or other signs of ischemia leaving out ST-segment elevation myocardial Infarction (STEMI) or NSTEMI patients (elevated enzymes, electrocardiographic (ECG) changes/no ECG changes)
No significant stenotic lesions at the following coronary angiography defined as > 50% stenosis of epicardial vessels. Patients are included within 1 year after coronary angiography.
Exclusion Criteria:
Withdrawal criteria
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Eva Prescott, MD, DMSc | Professor | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bispebjerg Hospital, Dept. of Cardiology Y builing 67, 1.floor, Bispebjerg Bakke 23 | Copenhagen | 2400 | Denmark | |||
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16458167 | Result | Bairey Merz CN, Shaw LJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kelsey SF, Olson M, Johnson BD, Pepine CJ, Mankad S, Sharaf BL, Rogers WJ, Pohost GM, Lerman A, Quyyumi AA, Sopko G; WISE Investigators. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Feb 7;47(3 Suppl):S21-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.084. | |
| 19833255 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000787 | Angina Pectoris |
| D017566 | Microvascular Angina |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004032 | Diet |
| D031204 | Caloric Restriction |
| D004304 | Dosage Forms |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D004035 | Diet Therapy |
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| Training | Behavioral | Aerobic interval training and resistance exercise in group sessions twice weekly throughout the 24-week intervention. Training intensity individually adapted to the restricted calorie intake. Goal: Improved VO2 peak (at least 10%). Monitored by a physiotherapist. |
|
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| Medication (with statin and ACE-inhibition) | Drug | Medical treatment for hypertension and/or hypercholesterolemia if systolic blood pressure > 130 and/or low density lipoprotein (LDL) > 2.0. |
|
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| Up to 24 months |
| Changes in biomarkers including inflammatory markers and markers of metabolism | Several components in the inflammatory system may be associated with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. A meta-analysis comprising 29 prospective studies associated interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-alfa) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to increased cardiovascular risk independent of traditional risk factors in the healthy population.51 Fasting blood samples will be collected at baseline and follow-up for assessment of: Lipids (total-, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triglycerides), endocrine function (Hba1c, glucose, insulin, thyroid stimulating hormone), kidney function (creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)), haematology and inflammatory disease (high sensitive CRP, high sensitive troponin-T, orosomucoid, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-alfa), adiponectin) | Up to 24 months |
| Changes in exercise capacity (VO2peak) | A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is performed using a bicycle ergometer with breath-by-breath gas exchange measurements (Jaeger, Vyntus CPX, Germany. Participants will be encouraged to continue until exhaustion. Criteria for VO2 peak are levelling off of VO2 despite increasing workload and peak respiratory exchange ratio (peak RER) > 1.10.38 VO2 peak and peak RER are determined at peak effort with 15-second average measurements. VO2 peak is expressed as: VO2 peak (mL/min), VO2 peak (mL/kg body weight/min) and VCO2 peak (mL/min). Predicted VO2 peak is calculated using the equation for sedentary, overweight individuals presented by Wassermann and Hansen. Measured VO2peak in percent of predicted is determined. | Up to 24 months |
| Changes in body weight and fat distribution (DEXA scan) | To estimate body composition (body fat mass and fat free mass ) a whole body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan will be performed. Body composition will be measured in the morning after a 10-hour fast. | Up to 24 months |
| Changes in level of anxiety and depression (HADS questionnaire) | HADS is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 14 items (each scored 0-3), seven of which concern depression and seven anxiety symptoms. One of the main purposes of this instrument was to identify affective symptoms among somatically ill patients.Therefore, the items focuses on the non-somatic aspects of depression and anxiety, to avoid that symptoms from the somatic disease, such as fatigue, affected the measurements.Depression and anxiety items are summarized separately in two scales ranging from 0 to 21, where a higher score indicates more symptoms. | Up to 24 months |
| Changes in systolic and diastolic heart function at rest and during stress including advanced imaging (eg. Strain-Echocardiography) | Diastolic heart function tends to be impaired in obesity and in diabetes, but whether this is also the case in microvessel dysfunction is unclear. Improvement in cardiac function following intervention may be subtle and is more likely measurable during stress. By using global longitudinal and radial 2D strain at rest and during dipyridamole or adenosine stress, we expect that we will be able to detect a smaller difference in myocardial function than by using change in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessed by the Simpsons method. | Up to 24 months |
| Changes in body weight | Weight in kilograms wil be measured in the morning after a 10-hour fast | Up to 24 months |
| changes in hip- and waist circumference | hip and waist circumference will be measured in the morning after a 10-hour fast. Waist circumference is measured halfway between the lower rib and the iliac crest and hip circumference at the maximal gluteal protuberance and calculated as an average of two consecutive measurements. | Up to 24 months |
| Frederiksberg Hospital, Dept. of Cardiology, Building 16, Y3, Nordre Fasanvej 57 |
| Frederiksberg |
| 2000 |
| Denmark |
| Result |
| Shaw LJ, Bugiardini R, Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Oct 20;54(17):1561-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.098. |
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| 19433695 | Result | Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Handberg EM, Zineh I, Kelsey SF, Arnsdorf MF, Black HR, Pepine CJ, Merz CN. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med. 2009 May 11;169(9):843-50. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.50. |
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| 16923752 | Result | Shaw LJ, Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kip KE, Kelsey SF, Olson M, Johnson BD, Mankad S, Sharaf BL, Rogers WJ, Pohost GM, Sopko G; Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Investigators. The economic burden of angina in women with suspected ischemic heart disease: results from the National Institutes of Health--National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute--sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Circulation. 2006 Aug 29;114(9):894-904. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.609990. Epub 2006 Aug 21. |
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| 9055211 | Result | Herrmann C. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale--a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res. 1997 Jan;42(1):17-41. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00216-4. |
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| 16988070 | Result | Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 Aug;14(8):1283-93. doi: 10.1038/oby.2006.146. |
| D002637 |
| Chest Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D044623 | Nutrition Therapy |
| D013812 | Therapeutics |
| D002149 | Energy Intake |
| D004364 | Pharmaceutical Preparations |
| D013678 | Technology, Pharmaceutical |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |