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The main purpose of this trial is to develop and investigate the effects of a modified comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) protocol for children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders and ADHD.
CBIT is a first-line behavioral treatment for individuals with tic disorders. However, the benefit of CBIT is mitigated in those with co-occurring ADHD, as ADHD is negatively associated with effect size in behavioral treatments for tics. Additionally, while tic disorders are associated with reduced quality of life measures, CBIT is 'tic-specific.' Despite improving tics, measures do not show associated improved quality of life. Currently, there are no standardized behavioral treatments for tics that account for ADHD symptoms and/or addresses the impact that tics and ADHD symptoms have on quality of life.
The first aim is to develop a treatment protocol that combines elements from CBIT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ADHD and factors targeting psychosocial impairment.
The second aim is to determine the treatment feasibility and acceptability (e.g. retention, reasons for treatment refusal and dropout, and motivation) of this modified CBIT treatment. The investigators will evaluate and assess the randomization process, the treatment modules, and the expectations and satisfaction of the participants and their parents.
The final aim is to use a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) design to evaluate improvement using measures including tic, ADHD and quality of life scales as rated by a blinded clinician. Though the investigators will evaluate efficacy of the modified protocol, the primary purpose will remain feasibility. The hope is to use this study to develop larger trials in the future.
Comprehensive behavior intervention for tics (CBIT) is a first-line behavioral treatment for individuals with tic disorders. However, the benefit of CBIT is mitigated in those with co-occurring ADHD, as ADHD is negatively associated with effect size in behavioral treatments for tics. Additionally, while tic disorders are associated with reduced quality of life measures, CBIT is 'tic-specific.' Despite improving tics, measures do not show associated improved quality of life. Currently, there are no standardized behavioral treatments for tics that account for ADHD symptoms and/or address the impact that tics and ADHD symptoms have on quality of life. The main purpose of this trial is to develop and then investigate the effects of a modified comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) protocol for children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders and ADHD.
Aim 1: Development a treatment protocol. The first aim is to develop a treatment protocol that combines elements from CBIT, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ADHD, and factors targeting psychosocial impairment. A new treatment protocol, called "Living With Tics" was recently developed by Dr. Eric Storch et al to help improve quality of life in those with tic disorders. In addition to incorporating components of modules of the above listed treatments, the modules themselves will be adapted to be more accessible to those with ADHD. As tic disorders often have a significant impact on the family, the investigators will incorporate parent involvement into the treatment as well.
Aim 2: Treatment Feasibility and Acceptability. The investigators' second aim is to determine the treatment feasibility and acceptability of the developed protocol. They will examine the retention rates, reasons for treatment refusal and dropout, and subject/parents motivation for this modified CBIT treatment. They plan to evaluate and assess the randomization process, the treatment modules, and the expectations and satisfaction of the participants and their parents. They will use measures including expectancy and satisfaction scales, and Likert scales will be provided at the end of each session to help determine which components of the modules were most and/or least helpful. From those results, the investigators can continue to adapt the treatment protocol for future, larger studies.
Aim 3: Pilot test the treatment's effectiveness. The final aim is to conduct a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) to test the developed protocol in youth with tic disorders and co-morbid ADHD. Half the subjects will undergo treatment with the modified protocol, and half of the subjects will receive standard CBIT treatment. A broad range of outcome measures will be used to evaluate tic symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and quality of life, and predictors of treatment response will be explored. The following scales will be used: Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), NICHQ Vanderbilt Assessment Scales, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory-Child Version (PedsQL) scale, as rated by a blinded clinician. Additionally, the investigators will compare which components were most/least helpful to subjects. Though the investigators will evaluate efficacy of the modified protocol, the primary purpose will remain feasibility. The investigators hope to use this study to develop larger randomized controlled trials in the future.
The modified CBIT treatment will be based on the original CBIT protocol developed by Dr. John Piacentini et al in 2010, a CBT for ADHD in adolescents protocol recently developed by Dr. Susan Sprich et al, and Dr. Eric Storch's "Living with Tics" protocol. Techniques from other studies, which combined and adapted protocols will be incorporated as well.
The treatment will be divided into three phases: Evaluation/Psychoeducation, Basic Intervention, and Relapse Prevention, with a total of 12 sessions.
Prior to beginning the treatment, to make sure the subject qualifies, parent(s) and subject will be asked to come in to complete a baseline assessment component.
Evaluation/Psychoeducation (Sessions 1-2): The first 1-2 sessions will focus on assessing the subject's tics and ADHD symptoms, and assessing the impact of tics and ADHD on the subjects' lives. Psychoeducation about tics/Tourette Syndrome and ADHD, and the CBIT and CBT models will be provided. The therapist will create a hierarchy with the patient regarding which tics are most bothersome and what other symptoms/stressors are most impactful on everyday life. Planning and organizing skills and the idea of function-based interventions will also be introduced. Participants will be encouraged to bring their parent(s) to these initial assessment sessions to familiarize the parent(s) with the treatment methods and allow them to ask questions about tics and ADHD and/or the intervention. If appropriate, parents will be involved in the treatment or homework procedures, but this will vary depending on the comfort level and potential benefit as assessed for each child.
Basic Interventions (Session 3 to Session 10): Beginning in Session 3, basic CBIT, cognitive and behavioral methods will be taught during office sessions and assigned as homework throughout the treatment. In addition to including modules that will specifically target ADHD symptoms (such as those on organization and planning and distractibility), modules in general will be designed to target an ADHD population. Modules will include a combination of activity schedules, positive reinforcements to promote on-task behavior, short "brain breaks" in between activities, repetition of key concepts, and the use of visual aides during the sessions and between sessions at home. Handouts describing the topics covered will also be provided to the parent/patient at the conclusion of each session. Relaxation techniques will be incorporated. Some adapted modules from "Living with Tics" will be included depending on the patients' identified difficulties.
Relapse Prevention (Sessions 11-12): The final sessions, each spaced two weeks after the last session, will focus on relapse prevention. The purpose of the spaced sessions in to allow the patient to get more practice and learn to be their own therapist in between meetings. Residual problems and fears about ending treatment will be addressed, and unrealistically optimistic or pessimistic thoughts about treatment termination will be challenged. Patients will learn to anticipate possible symptom recurrence and its relationship to stress, mood, and other factors; counter negative thoughts about setbacks; and handle lapses and setbacks. Parents will also be encouraged to attend the last session(s) if the child/adolescent or clinician feels it would be appropriate.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified CBIT Treatment Arm | Experimental | In this arm, participants will receive the modified CBIT protocol. In addition to addressing tics, the treatment in this arm will also directly address ADHD symptoms using CBT for ADHD techniques, and quality of life concerns. The treatment itself will be modified to be more accessible to an ADHD population. The treatment will consist of twelve 50-min sessions: ten weekly and then two every other week for relapse prevention. |
|
| Standard CBIT Treatment Arm | Active Comparator | In this arm, participants will receive the standard CBIT intervention (Piacentini et al 2010). The primary components of CBIT are habit reversal training, relaxation training and a functional interventional to assess the environment for situations/factors that exacerbate or sustain tics. The treatment will consist of twelve 50-min sessions: ten weekly and then two every other week for relapse prevention. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics | Behavioral | In this arm, participants will receive the modified CBIT protocol. In addition to addressing tics, the treatment in this arm will also directly address ADHD symptoms using CBT for ADHD techniques, and quality of life concerns. The treatment itself will be modified to be more accessible to an ADHD population. The treatment will consist of twelve 50-min sessions: ten weekly and then two every other week for relapse prevention. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire | Scale that measures the subject's satisfaction with the treatment | 26 weeks |
| Expectancy Therapy Evaluation Form | Rates subject's expectations about effectiveness of the treatment | Baseline |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 1 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 1 week |
| Expectancy Therapy Evaluation Form | Rates subject's expectations about effectiveness of the treatment | 6 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 2 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 2 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 3 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 3 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 4 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 4 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 5 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale | Measures tic symptom severity and impairment | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale | Measures tic symptom severity and impairment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale | Assesses severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the last week | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts General Hospital | Boston | Massachusetts | 02114 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry. | ||
| 22628140 | Background | Antshel KM, Faraone SV, Gordon M. Cognitive behavioral treatment outcomes in adolescent ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2014 Aug;18(6):483-95. doi: 10.1177/1087054712443155. Epub 2012 May 24. | |
| Background | "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National Center for Health Statistics. 2015 | ||
| Background | Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press. | ||
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005879 | Tourette Syndrome |
| D001289 | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001480 | Basal Ganglia Diseases |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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|
| Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics | Behavioral | In this arm, participants will receive the standard CBIT intervention (Piacentini et al 2010). The primary components of CBIT are habit reversal training, relaxation training and a functional interventional to assess the environment for situations/factors that exacerbate or sustain tics. The treatment will consist of twelve 50-min sessions: ten weekly and then two every other week for relapse prevention. |
|
Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session.
| 5 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 6 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 6 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 7 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 7 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 8 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 8 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 9 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 9 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 10 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 10 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 11 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 12 weeks |
| Satisfaction Scale for Module 12 | Brief Likert scale/multiple choice questions assessing the satisfaction/effectiveness of each session. | 14 weeks |
| Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire | Scale that measures the patient's satisfaction with the treatment | 6 weeks |
| Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire | Scale that measures the patient's satisfaction with the treatment | 14 weeks |
| Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Yale Global Tic Severity Scale | Measures tic symptom severity and impairment | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Vanderbilt Assessment Scale - ADHD | Measures DSM-IV ADHD and other externalizing behaviors | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Vanderbilt Assessment Scale - ADHD | Measures DSM-IV ADHD and other externalizing behaviors | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Vanderbilt Assessment Scale - ADHD | Measures DSM-IV ADHD and other externalizing behaviors | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to one week |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to one week |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to two weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to two weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to three weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to three weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to four weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to four weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to five weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to five weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to six weeks (mid-point) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to six weeks (mid-point) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to seven weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to seven weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to eight weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to eight weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to nine weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to nine weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to ten weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to ten weeks |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to twelve weeks (session 11) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to twelve weeks (session 11) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to fourteen weeks (session 12) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to fourteen weeks (session 12) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Improvement Scale | Measures improvement on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to 3months after end-point (26 weeks) |
| Clinical Global Impression - Severity Scale | Measures severity of illness on a Likert scale | Change from baseline to 3months after end-point (26 weeks) |
| Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)-Child Version | Assesses pediatric population subject's quality of life on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)-Child Version | Assesses pediatric population subject's quality of life on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL)-Child Version | Assesses pediatric population subject's quality of life on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating a better quality of life. | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire (PTQ) | Measures severity of specific motor and vocal tics in terms of their frequency and intensity on a scale of 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater frequency and intensity. | Mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire (PTQ) | Measures severity of specific motor and vocal tics in terms of their frequency and intensity on a scale of 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater frequency and intensity. | End-point (14 weeks) |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire (PTQ) | Measures severity of specific motor and vocal tics in terms of their frequency and intensity on a scale of 1-4, with higher scores indicating greater frequency and intensity. | 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| ADHD - Self-report | Self-report of ADHD symptoms | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| ADHD - Self-report | Self-report of ADHD symptoms | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| ADHD - Self-report | Self-report of ADHD symptoms | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
Assesses severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the last week
| Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale | Assesses severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the last week | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Children's Depression Inventory | Assesses depressive symptoms in children | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Children's Depression Inventory | Assesses depressive symptoms in children | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Children's Depression Inventory | Assesses depressive symptoms in children | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Measures emotion regulation strategies | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Measures emotion regulation strategies | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Measures emotion regulation strategies | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 1 week |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 2 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 3 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 4 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 5 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 6 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 7 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 8 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 9 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 10 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 12 weeks |
| Concomitant Medication and Therapy Questionnaire | Tracks whether there are any concurrent therapy and/or medication changes | 14 weeks |
| The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire | Assesses the extent to which the subject's condition has negatively affected the family | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire | Assesses the extent to which the subject's condition has negatively affected the family | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| The Caregiver Strain Questionnaire | Assesses the extent to which the subject's condition has negatively affected the family | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Child Tourette's Syndrome Impairment Scale | Assesses the impact that tics have on school, home, and social activities | Change from baseline to mid-point (6 weeks) |
| Child Tourette's Syndrome Impairment Scale | Assesses the impact that tics have on school, home, and social activities | Change from baseline to end-point (14 weeks) |
| Child Tourette's Syndrome Impairment Scale | Assesses the impact that tics have on school, home, and social activities | Change from baseline to 3months following end-point (26 weeks) |
| Background |
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| D013981 | Tic Disorders |
| D009069 | Movement Disorders |
| D020271 | Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System |
| D019636 | Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| D030342 | Genetic Diseases, Inborn |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D019958 | Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders |