The DOLF Triple Drug Therapy for Lymphatic Filariasis study will determine the frequency, type and severity of adverse events following triple-drug therapy (IVM+DEC+ALB, IDA) compared to the standard two-drug treatment (DEC+ALB, DA) in infected and uninfected individuals in a community in 5 different countries. The objective is to acquire safety, efficacy, and acceptability data to assess the safety and acceptability of the IDA drug combination.

In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2020. To interrupt transmission, WHO recommends therapy using combinations of two medicines delivered to entire at-risk populations through a strategy known as mass drug administration. Ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB) are administered in areas where onchocerciasis is co-endemic; diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) are administered in areas where onchocerciasis is not co-endemic.

Results of a pilot study in Papua New Guinea suggest that triple drug therapy (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole) is superior to the currently recommended two-drug regimen (DEC+ALB, DA). A single dose of the triple therapy (IVM+DEC+ALB, IDA) rapidly achieved complete clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae from the blood of 12 individuals for at least one year post-treatment. All six individuals tested at 24 months were still amicrofilaremic, suggesting that the triple therapy might permanently sterilizes adult filarial worms. Many people treated in these studies experienced transient systemic adverse events commonly associated with diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin treatment of filariasis. Adverse events were more frequent after the triple therapy than after the usual combination of two drugs. However, no serious adverse events were observed. The dramatic reduction and sustained decrease of microfilaria along with the safety profile seen in the Papua New Guinea studies suggest that the triple drug therapy may be a useful tool to achieve the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2020.

Although the study cited above has clearly demonstrated the superiority of the triple therapy for clearing W. bancrofti microfilaria from the blood, more safety and efficacy data are needed before triple therapy can be rolled out on a large scale as a mass drug administration regimen in lymphatic filariasis endemic countries. WHO recommends a best practice called "cohort event monitoring" for demonstrating safety of new drug regimens for public health program use. Establishing safety through such methodology requires pre and post treatment assessment from at least 10,000 people treated with the triple therapy across multiple settings.

It is therefore proposed to conduct a cohort event monitoring study to acquire safety data. Efficacy and acceptability components will also be included in the study. Similar studies will be conducted simultaneously in Haiti, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka to reach the 10,000 people necessary to assess the safety of this new drug combination.

This will be an open label, two-armed study. The two arms are (1) mass drug administration (MDA) with the currently used combination of two-drug regimen (DA) and (2) MDA with triple drug therapy (IDA).

In India:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 5 years, male or female for IDA arm and age > 2 years for DA arm.
2. Able to provide informed consent to participate in the trial (forms to be attached)
3. No evidence of severe or systemic co-morbidities except for features of filarial disease

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age < 5 years (ivermectin is contraindicated in children below 5 years of age) for IDA arm and age < 2 years for DA arm
2. Pregnant women (DEC, ivermectin and albendazole are contraindicated in pregnancy)
3. Severe chronic illness (for example, chronic renal failure, inability to care for oneself with activities of daily living)
4. History of previous allergy to MDA drugs

For rest of countries:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 5 years, for IDA and DA arms (males and females).
2. Able to provide informed consent or give parental consent for minors to participate in the trial
3. No evidence of severe or systemic co-morbidities except for features of filarial disease

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age < 5 years (ivermectin is not approved for use in children less than 5 years of age)
2. Unable to provide informed consent or give parental consent for minors to participate in the trial
3. Pregnant women (DEC, ivermectin and albendazole are not known to be safe for use during pregnancy)
4. Severe chronic illness (chronic renal insufficiency, severe chronic liver disease, or any illness that is severe enough to interfere with activities of daily living)
5. History of previous allergy to MDA drugs

Datasets used for published results will be shared publically through a journal or other open source data repository so that the broader scientific community can access it. Only de-identified data will be shared publicly.

Manuscripts should be submitted for publication no later than one year following the date of the "last patient/last visit". Some DOLF studies include follow-up studies that continue after the primary end point of the study. There is no need to wait for these studies to be completed in order to publish the primary data. (In the case of the IDA studies, safety data should be prepared for publication prior to the acceptability and efficacy studies.)

Investigators and their supporting institution that conduct research with financial support from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) will share de-identified data with partner scientists. Results from multiple study sites will be combined so that they can be considered in aggregate. Aggregated data and summary results may be shared with the World Health Org, BMGF, pharmaceutical donors, and others involved in the Global Prog to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis even prior to the publication of results. We will follow US National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines regarding data sharing with scientists outside of the project. Datasets used for published results will be shared publically through a journal or other open source data repository. De-identified data will be shared outside of DOLF. Data sharing requests from third-parties must have the approval of the local country PI. The study's primary results should be published before data will be shared with third-parties.