A planned interim analysis led to the trial being stopped early based on the observed size effect and power analysis.

Delirium within the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with poor outcomes such as increased mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and time on mechanical ventilation. Benzodiazepine (BZD) exposure is an independent risk factor for development of delirium. Reversal of hypoactive delirium represents a potential opportunity for reducing duration of delirium and subsequent complications.

This is a single-center randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of critically ill adult patients with benzodiazepine-associated hypoactive delirium. The hypothesis is that flumazenil continuous infusion may reverse hypoactive delirium associated with BZD exposure and thereby reduce duration of delirium and ICU LOS.

Benzodiazepines are commonly used for discomfort, anxiety, agitation, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in the ICU. End organ dysfunction and extended exposure can increase the risk of complications associated with BZDs, which include increased ICU LOS, time on mechanical ventilation, and mortality.

Flumazenil as a 1, 4-imidazobenzodiazepine is a competitive antagonist for the benzodiazepine binding site with weak intrinsic or partial agonistic activity on the GABA receptor. Multiple studies have confirmed the safety and effectiveness of flumazenil for the reversal of sedation. Pilot studies have demonstrated safe reversal of over-sedation and statistically significant improvements in patient cooperation and time to extubation. The current standard for suspected BZD-associated hypoactive delirium is cessation of benzodiazepine administration and supportive care.

The role of continuous infusion flumazenil for rapid and sustained reversal of hypoactive delirium in the ICU has not been evaluated prospectively and therefore remains poorly defined.

Inclusion Criteria:

• critically ill adults
• RASS score of -3 to 0 after receiving benzodiazepine therapy
• CAM-ICU positive
• no benzodiazepine therapy within the previous 12 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

1. contraindications to flumazenil including hypersensitivity
2. receipt of benzodiazepines for control of potentially life-threatening conditions (e.g., control of intracranial pressure or status epilepticus)
3. active seizure disorder or on current anti-convulsant therapy for history of seizure disorder. Seizures secondary to alcohol withdrawal will NOT be excluded.
4. history of traumatic brain injury complicated by seizures
5. acute episode (within prior 30 days) of severe traumatic brain injury
6. history of structural lesion (e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident, intra-parenchymal hemorrhage) complicated by seizures
7. acute episode (within prior 14 days) of structural lesion (e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident, intra-parenchymal hemorrhage)
8. brain tumor complicated by seizure
9. history of anoxic brain injury
10. third-degree burn with total body surface area (TBSA) burn greater than 20%
11. chronic benzodiazepine (clonazepam:lorazepam:diazepam approximately 4:8:40 mg per day) for 7 consecutive days with no taper
12. chronic delirium that is attributable to other causes
13. anticipated to transfer to lower level of care within 24 hours
14. admitted for polysubstance overdose as determined by initial drug toxicity screening
15. recent exposure (prior 7 days) to pro-convulsant medications (identified via medication list, medication reconciliation performed by PI/pharmacy medication reconciliation team, or urine drug screening)
16. children, incarcerated individuals, and pregnant women
17. unable to provide consent and the legally authorized representative is unable to provide consent

72 hours while on study infusion

A planned interim analysis led to the trial being stopped early based on the observed size effect and power analysis.