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African Americans are at a substantially greater type 2 diabetes risk compared to Caucasians; however, very little data are available on the effects of exercise training on type 2 diabetes risk factors in at risk African Americans. The present proposal will evaluate the effects of 6 months of moderate versus vigorous intensity aerobic exercise training on fitness, insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial capacity, skeletal muscle oxidative/insulin sensitivity markers, adiposity, and quality of life in African Americans.
African Americans have a much greater risk of type 2 diabetes compared to Caucasians in the United States. Similarly, recent evidence has emerged that fitness level, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes also tends to be lower in African Americans. Many scientific studies have shown that exercise training has a beneficial impact on fitness levels and a variety of other type 2 diabetes risk factors such as the reduction of glucose/insulin levels, and body fat Importantly, studies performed in mostly Caucasian populations suggest that exercise training at a vigorous intensity may promote greater improvements in type 2 diabetes risk factors compared to moderate intensity exercise, which may suggest that it has greater promise in reducing type 2 diabetes risk. However, few exercise training studies compare the health benefits of different exercise training programs (such as exercise intensity) in African Americans, which is clinically important due to their greater type 2 diabetes risk, and that fact that they are less likely to meet public health recommendations for physical activity compared to their Caucasian counterparts.
The High Intensity exercise to Promote Accelerated improvements in CardiorEspiratory fitness (HI-PACE) study will evaluate the effect of exercise intensity on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and insulin sensitivity in obese (BMI: 30-45) African Americans (40-65 yrs.) with at least 1 additional T2D risk factor. Participants (n=60) will be recruited in collaboration with the ECU Center for Health Disparities, and subsequently randomized to moderate intensity (MOD-INT, n=20) or high intensity (HIGH-INT, n=20) aerobic exercise training, or to a control group (CON, n=20) for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise training will be performed at a heart rate associated with ~50% and ~75% of VO2 max in the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups, respectively at the same exercise volume of 600 MET-minutes per week (consistent with public health recommendations). The primary outcome is the change in CRF, which will be assessed at baseline, mid-intervention, and follow-up. Insulin sensitivity will be measured via an intravenous glucose tolerance test at baseline and follow-up. Other secondary measures include mitochondrial oxidative capacity using infrared and measurements on muscle biopsies (PGC-1α and other indices of mitochondrial content), the expression of a protein involved with insulin action (GLUT-4 expression) in skeletal muscle as well as systemic inflammation, adiposity, quality of life and exercise enjoyment measures.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | No Intervention | This group does not change physical activity during the intervention period, but will receive exercise training after the study is complete | |
| MOD-INT | Experimental | The Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) group will exercise at a moderate aerobic exercise intensity for 24 weeks |
|
| HIGH-INT | Experimental | High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) group will exercise at a high aerobic intensity for 24 weeks |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) | Behavioral | Participants in the MOD-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 45-55% VO2 max. The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness | Fitness will be measured using a modified Balke protocol on a treadmill. Participants will walk at an initial speed of 2.0 mph with 0% grade for the first 3 minutes after which the treadmill speed will increase to 3.0 mph for the next 3 minutes. The treadmill grade will be increased by 2.5% every 3 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Maximal oxygen consumption (Liters of O2 per minute) will be measured using a True Max 2400 Metabolic Measurement Cart (Parvomedics, Salt Lake City Utah). | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Body Fat Percentage | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to measure changes in body fat percentage | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Body Weight | Weight will be measured using a calibrated scale. Weight will be measured in kg |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Damon L Swift, Ph.D. | East Carolina University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Carolina University | Greenville | North Carolina | 27858 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31395096 | Derived | McGee JE, Barefoot SG, Gniewek NR, Brophy PM, Clark A, Dubis GS, Ryan TE, Houmard JA, Vos P, Raedeke TD, Swift DL. High-intensity exercise to promote accelerated improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (HI-PACE): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019 Aug 8;20(1):484. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3611-1. |
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individuals interested in study participation came in for a screening visit to determine initial eligibility. After this, those that remained eligible, did a "run-in" period where they wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. When they returned with their accelerometer, a blood draw was performed for screening labs. After this, participants were scheduled for primary and secondary outcome measures. After completion of these outcomes measures, they were randomized to study groups.
The HI-PACE study was conducted in Greenville, NC at East Carolina University. Participants were recruited from the local Greenville, NC and Pitt County areas. Methods of recruitment included sending information to mailing list of local agencies, working with community partners, the ECU health disparity center, social media advertisements and local newspaper advertisements. Recruitment for the study began in Fall of 2016
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Control (CON) | This group does not change physical activity during the intervention period, but will receive exercise training after the study is complete |
| FG001 | Moderate Intensity Training (MOD-INT) | The Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) group will exercise at a moderate aerobic exercise intensity for 24 weeks Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT): Participants in the MOD-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 45-55% VO2 max. The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes) |
| FG002 | High Intensity Training (HIGH-INT) | High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) group will exercise at a high aerobic intensity for 24 weeks High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT): Participants in the HI-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 70-80% VO2 max (heart rate ranges will be updated at mid-intervention CRF assessment). The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)3 |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Control (CON) | This group does not change physical activity during the intervention period, but will receive exercise training after the study is complete |
| BG001 | Moderate Intensity (MOD-INT) |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Cardiorespiratory Fitness | Fitness will be measured using a modified Balke protocol on a treadmill. Participants will walk at an initial speed of 2.0 mph with 0% grade for the first 3 minutes after which the treadmill speed will increase to 3.0 mph for the next 3 minutes. The treadmill grade will be increased by 2.5% every 3 minutes until volitional exhaustion. Maximal oxygen consumption (Liters of O2 per minute) will be measured using a True Max 2400 Metabolic Measurement Cart (Parvomedics, Salt Lake City Utah). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | Liters of oxygen/min | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
24 weeks per participants
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Control (CON) | This group does not change physical activity during the intervention period, but will receive exercise training after the study is complete |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elevated blood pressure | Cardiac disorders | Non-systematic Assessment | Participant had elevated blood pressure after randomization that was higher than the trend noted in pre-randomization visits |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Damon Swift | University of Virginia | (434) 924-1436 | dls3s@virgina.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jun 11, 2015 | Mar 8, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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|
| High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) | Behavioral | Participants in the HI-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 70-80% VO2 max (heart rate ranges will be updated at mid-intervention CRF assessment). The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)3 |
|
| Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Waist Circumference | Waist circumference will be measured at the natural waist (midway between the inferior border of the rib cage and the superior aspect of the iliac crest) with a Gulick tape measure. Both landmarks (the inferior border of the ribcage and the superior aspect of the iliac crest) will be marked and the distance will be measured to determine the appropriate measurement site. Staff will confirm that: 1) the measurement tape remains horizontal; 2) the tape touches the entire circumference of the participant; 3) abdominal tissue is not compressed; 3) the tape measure is not within abdominal folds; 4) the measurement is taken at the end of normal respiration. The measurement will be repeated an additional time, and the reported value will be the average of these measurements. Both measurements must be within 0.5 cm to be considered acceptable for data purposes. | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Low Density Lipoprotein | Low density lipoprotein will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Change in High Density Lipoprotein | High density lipoprotein will be measured from a fasted blood sample | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Changes in Total Cholesterol | Total Cholesterol will be measured in a fasting blood sample | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Triglycerides | Triglyceride levels will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Change in Systemic Inflammation | High sensitivity c-reactive protein will be measured at baseline and follow-up | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Fasting Glucose | Fasting glucose will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Change in Insulin | Fasting insulin value will be measured from a blood sample | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Change in Insulin Sensitivity | Insulin sensitivity will be measured using an intravenous glucose tolerance test | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Arterial Stiffness | Arterial stiffness will be measured using pulse wave velocity. | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Mitochondrial Enzymes | Mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, pgc1aplha and complex1-5) | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Quality of Life | Quality of life (QOL) will be measured by the short form health survey (SF-36). SF36 consists of 36 questions that measure patient's HRQoL in 8 domains: physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH) that represent the physical HRQoL, vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role-emotional (RE), and mental health (MH) that represent the mental HRQoL. Each domain is scored from 0 (worst health status) to 100 (best health status). | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Change in Quality of Life (Mental Health and Physical Health Summary Scores) | The SF-36 also produces a measure of overall physical health (physical component score [PCS]) and overall mental health (mental component score [MCS]). Scoring of these items are standardized using means and standard deviations from the general US population. Aggregate PCS and MCS scores are standardized using a linear T-Score transformation to have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. A higher score indicates better quality of life and a lower score indicates worsened quality of life. | Baseline to 24 Weeks |
| Changes in Physical Activity Levels | Participants will wear an ActivPal accelerometer for seven consecutive days, 24-hrs/day. The change in steps will be be evaluated from baseline to 24 weeks | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
| Change in Dietary Composition | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) contains approximately 105 items grouped by categories and is completed for both frequency of consumption as well as portion size selections by the individual. The questionnaire, upon completion, provides estimated daily intake values for selected nutrients (kilocalories, macronutrients, and micronutrients) and provides information on food group servings. | Baseline and 24 weeks |
| Corona virus pandemic |
|
| Lost to Follow-up |
|
| Blood pressure was too elevated |
|
| participant did not disclose she had an excluded medical condition and was disenrolled |
|
The Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) group will exercise at a moderate aerobic exercise intensity for 24 weeks
Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT): Participants in the MOD-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 45-55% VO2 max. The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)
| BG002 | High Intensity Exercise (HIGH-INT) | High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) group will exercise at a high aerobic intensity for 24 weeks High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT): Participants in the HI-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 70-80% VO2 max (heart rate ranges will be updated at mid-intervention CRF assessment). The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)3 |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Body mass index | Body mass index is calculated by dividing the participants' weight in kilograms by height in meters squared | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg/m^2 |
|
| Weight | Weight was taken on scale in a hospital gown | Mean | Standard Deviation | kg |
|
| Systolic blood pressure | Blood pressure was taken after a 5 minute rest in the seated position | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg |
|
| Diastolic blood pressure | diastolic blood pressure was measured in the seated position after a 5 minute rest | Mean | Standard Deviation | mmHg |
|
| Cardiorespiratory fitness (L/min) | Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured as the maximal level of oxygen consumed during a treadmill exercise test | Mean | Standard Deviation | L/min |
|
| Cardiorespiratory fitness (mL/kg/min) | Cardiorespiratory fitness is measured as the maximal amount of O2 that body consumes during a maximal exercise test. This value is adjusted by the participant's body weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | mL/kg/min |
|
| Glucose | Describes the concentration of glucose in the blood from a fasting blood sample | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL |
|
| Insulin | Describes the concentration of insulin in a fasted blood sample | Mean | Standard Deviation | ulU/mL |
|
| Total cholesterol | Describes the concentration of cholesterol from a fasting blood sample | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL |
|
| Low density lipoprotein | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL |
|
| High density lipoprotein | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL |
|
| Triglycerides | The concentration of triglycerides from a fasting blood sample | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/dL |
|
| C-reactive protein | C-reactive protein is a marker of inflammation and is measured from a fasting blood sample | Mean | Standard Deviation | mg/L |
|
| Pulse wave velocity | Pulse wave velocity is a measure of arterial stiffness | Mean | Standard Deviation | m/sec |
|
| Moderate Intensity Exercise (MOD-INT) |
The Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) group will exercise at a moderate aerobic exercise intensity for 24 weeks Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT): Participants in the MOD-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 45-55% VO2 max. The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes) |
| OG002 | High Intensity Exercise HIGH-INT | High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) group will exercise at a high aerobic intensity for 24 weeks High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT): Participants in the HI-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 70-80% VO2 max (heart rate ranges will be updated at mid-intervention CRF assessment). The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)3 |
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Body Fat Percentage | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to measure changes in body fat percentage | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | percentage of body fat | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Body Weight | Weight will be measured using a calibrated scale. Weight will be measured in kg | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | kg | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Waist Circumference | Waist circumference will be measured at the natural waist (midway between the inferior border of the rib cage and the superior aspect of the iliac crest) with a Gulick tape measure. Both landmarks (the inferior border of the ribcage and the superior aspect of the iliac crest) will be marked and the distance will be measured to determine the appropriate measurement site. Staff will confirm that: 1) the measurement tape remains horizontal; 2) the tape touches the entire circumference of the participant; 3) abdominal tissue is not compressed; 3) the tape measure is not within abdominal folds; 4) the measurement is taken at the end of normal respiration. The measurement will be repeated an additional time, and the reported value will be the average of these measurements. Both measurements must be within 0.5 cm to be considered acceptable for data purposes. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | cm | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Low Density Lipoprotein | Low density lipoprotein will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in High Density Lipoprotein | High density lipoprotein will be measured from a fasted blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Changes in Total Cholesterol | Total Cholesterol will be measured in a fasting blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Triglycerides | Triglyceride levels will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Systemic Inflammation | High sensitivity c-reactive protein will be measured at baseline and follow-up | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/L | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Fasting Glucose | Fasting glucose will be measured from a fasting blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | mg/dL | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Insulin | Fasting insulin value will be measured from a blood sample | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | ulU/mL | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Insulin Sensitivity | Insulin sensitivity will be measured using an intravenous glucose tolerance test | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | (mu/l)^-1.min^-1 | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Arterial Stiffness | Arterial stiffness will be measured using pulse wave velocity. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | m/sec | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Mitochondrial Enzymes | Mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase, pgc1aplha and complex1-5) | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | U/mU | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Quality of Life | Quality of life (QOL) will be measured by the short form health survey (SF-36). SF36 consists of 36 questions that measure patient's HRQoL in 8 domains: physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH) that represent the physical HRQoL, vitality (VT), social functioning (SF), role-emotional (RE), and mental health (MH) that represent the mental HRQoL. Each domain is scored from 0 (worst health status) to 100 (best health status). | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | score on a scale | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Quality of Life (Mental Health and Physical Health Summary Scores) | The SF-36 also produces a measure of overall physical health (physical component score [PCS]) and overall mental health (mental component score [MCS]). Scoring of these items are standardized using means and standard deviations from the general US population. Aggregate PCS and MCS scores are standardized using a linear T-Score transformation to have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. A higher score indicates better quality of life and a lower score indicates worsened quality of life. | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | score on a scale | Baseline to 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Changes in Physical Activity Levels | Participants will wear an ActivPal accelerometer for seven consecutive days, 24-hrs/day. The change in steps will be be evaluated from baseline to 24 weeks | Posted | Least Squares Mean | 95% Confidence Interval | steps per day | Baseline and 24 Weeks |
|
|
|
|
| Secondary | Change in Dietary Composition | Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) contains approximately 105 items grouped by categories and is completed for both frequency of consumption as well as portion size selections by the individual. The questionnaire, upon completion, provides estimated daily intake values for selected nutrients (kilocalories, macronutrients, and micronutrients) and provides information on food group servings. | Error in processing the data and it was lost | Posted | Baseline and 24 weeks |
|
|
| 0 |
| 18 |
| 0 |
| 18 |
| 0 |
| 18 |
| EG001 | Moderate Intensity Training (MOD-INT) | The Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT) group will exercise at a moderate aerobic exercise intensity for 24 weeks Moderate intensity exercise training (MOD-INT): Participants in the MOD-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 45-55% VO2 max. The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes) | 0 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 1 | 16 |
| EG002 | High Intensity Training (HIGH-INT) | High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT) group will exercise at a high aerobic intensity for 24 weeks High Intensity exercise training (HI-INT): Participants in the HI-INT group will exercise at the heart rate associated with 70-80% VO2 max (heart rate ranges will be updated at mid-intervention CRF assessment). The exercise volume will be 600 MET-minutes per week, which is consistent with current public health guidelines (500-1,000 MET-minutes)3 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 18 |
|
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Not provided
| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| 0.633 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.555 | Superiority |
| 0.383 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison for the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.0972 | Superiority |
| 0.307 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.376 | Superiority |
| 0.262 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT group and the HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.715 | Superiority |
| 0.349 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.359 | Superiority |
| 0.199 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.952 | Superiority |
| 0.098 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.071 | Superiority |
| 0.994 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.940 | Superiority |
| 0.800 |
| Superiority |
| ANCOVA | 0.769 | Superiority |
| 0.993 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.994 | Superiority |
| 0.985 |
| Superiority |
| Change in insulin sensitivity (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.856 | Superiority |
| 0.033 |
| Superiority |
| Comparison between the MOD-INT and HIGH-INT groups | ANCOVA | 0.602 | Superiority |
|
| Complex 1 |
|
| Complex 2 |
|
| Complex 3 |
|
| Complex 4 |
|
| Complex 5 |
|
| 0.308 |
| Superiority |
| Change in PGC1a (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.844 | Superiority |
| Change in citrate synthase (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.135 | Superiority |
| Change in Citrate synthase (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.800 | Superiority |
| Change in citrate synthase | ANCOVA | 0.195 | Superiority |
| Change in complex I | ANCOVA | 0.459 | Superiority |
| Change in complex 1 (CON vs. MOD-INT groups) | ANCOVA | 0.213 | Superiority |
| Change in complex II (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.971 | Superiority |
| Change in complex III (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.634 | Superiority |
| Change in Complex III (CON vs. MOD-INT groups) | ANCOVA | 0.919 | Superiority |
| Change in complex III | ANCOVA | 0.574 | Superiority |
| Change in Complex IV (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.295 | Superiority |
| Change in complex IV (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.097 | Superiority |
| Change in complex IV | ANCOVA | 0.468 | Superiority |
| Change in complex V | ANCOVA | 0.589 | Superiority |
| Change in complex V (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.196 | Superiority |
| Change in Complex V (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.436 | Superiority |
|
| Role Physical |
|
| Bodily pain |
|
| Vitality |
|
| Social Function |
|
| Mental health |
|
| Role Emotional |
|
| 0.115 |
| Superiority |
| General Health Subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.225 | Superiority |
| Physical health Sub-scale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.758 | Superiority |
| Physical health subscale (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.759 | Superiority |
| Physical Health subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.465 | Superiority |
| Role Physical subscale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.549 | Superiority |
| Role Physical Subscale (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.679 | Superiority |
| Role Physical Subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.334 | Superiority |
| Bodily pain subscale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.273 | Superiority |
| Bodily pain subscale (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.642 | Superiority |
| Bodily Pain Subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.520 | Superiority |
| Vitality subscale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.460 | Superiority |
| Vitality sub-scale (CON vs. MOD-INT group) | ANCOVA | 0.203 | Superiority |
| Vitality subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.058 | Superiority |
| Social Function subscale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.739 | Superiority |
| Social Function subscale (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.059 | Superiority |
| Social Function sub-scale (HIGH-INT vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.0380 | Superiority |
| Comparison of mental health subscale (CON vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.950 | Superiority |
| Change in mental health subscale (CON Vs. MOD INT) | ANCOVA | 0.096 | Superiority |
| Change in mental health subscale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.127 | Superiority |
| Change in role emotional subscale (CON vs HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.373 | Superiority |
| Change in role emotional sub-scale | ANCOVA | 0.630 | Superiority |
| Change in role emotional subscale (MOD vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.034 | Superiority |
| Change in role emotional subscale (CON vs. MOD-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.070 | Superiority |
| Change in physical health sub-scale (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.945 | Superiority |
|
| 0.034 |
| Superiority |
| Change in physical health (sum) | ANCOVA | 0.330 | Superiority |
| Change in physical health (sum) subscale | ANCOVA | 0.297 | Superiority |
| 0.099 |
| Superiority |
| Change in steps (MOD-INT vs. HIGH-INT) | ANCOVA | 0.947 | Superiority |