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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital | FED |
| Horses and Humans Research Foundation | UNKNOWN |
The project partnered with U.S. military veterans with a premier accredited therapeutic riding center for six weeks. The veterans interacted with horses by grooming and learning about them, as well as riding them for one hour per week during which they gained a variety of skills. We hoped the veterans would experience a reduction in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, and loneliness, while improving their social and emotional health and self-efficacy.
Large numbers of post-deployed U.S. veterans diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and/or Traumatic Brain Injury make effective interventions urgent, to reduce symptoms and increase veterans' coping. PTSD includes anxiety, flashbacks, and emotional numbing. Symptoms expand health care costs for stress-related illnesses making veterans' civilian life difficult.
The proposed study used a randomized experimental design with repeated measures and waitlist control group testing the efficacy of a 6-week human-horse interaction and systematic therapeutic horseback riding program in: decreasing PTSD symptoms, increasing coping self efficacy, emotion regulation, and social engagement. The Riding Group spent one hour weekly interacting with and riding the same horse at one of two PATH-accredited riding centers in Mid-Missouri supervised by an Occupational Therapist, Profession Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship (PATH) International-certified instructor, leader and side walkers as needed. Riding was directed by a systematic lesson plan. Data collection occured at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks. The Control Group was assessed at the same intervals and again 3 weeks and 6 weeks after joining the Riding Group.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic Horseback Riding | Other | Therapeutic Horseback Riding: Veterans were matched to a horse by the instructor and occupational therapist for best fit and the same horse was ridden each week |
|
| Standard Care | Other | Participants received standard care. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Therapeutic Horseback Riding | Behavioral | Veterans were matched to a horse for best fit and the same horse was ridden each week. The warm-up exercises involved various repeated physical movements while the horse was walking or standing steady, such as head rotations, lifting arms, rotating ankles, flexing toes. The exercises began with riding at a walk during the early weeks, learning reining skills and riding positions, and progressed to light trotting. Veteran participants were able to build on skill sets related to grooming, tacking, mounting, and riding that were introduced in prior weeks. Skill progression was based on individual abilities and safety as determined by certified riding instructor and occupational therapist. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES) | 26 item, 11 point analog scale | Day 1, 3 weeks and 6 weeks |
| Change in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M) | 17 item, 5 point scale | Day 1, 3 weeks and 6 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) scale | 15 item, 7 point Likert-type scale. | Day 1, 3 weeks and 6 weeks |
| Change in Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rebecca A Johnson, PhD | University of Missouri-Columbia | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17636720 | Background | Bisson J, Andrew M. Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD003388. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub3. | |
| 11068961 | Background | Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Oct;68(5):748-66. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.68.5.748. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013313 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic |
| D000070642 | Brain Injuries, Traumatic |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D040921 | Stress Disorders, Traumatic |
| D000068099 | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D001930 | Brain Injuries |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059039 | Standard of Care |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019984 | Quality Indicators, Health Care |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D006298 | Health Services Administration |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
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|
| Standard Care | Other | Standard Care: Participants received standard care |
|
36 item, 5 point Likert-type scale
| Day 1, 3 weeks and 6 weeks |
| 19118792 | Background | Hakanson M, Moller M, Lindstrom I, Mattsson B. The horse as the healer-a study of riding in patients with back pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2009 Jan;13(1):43-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2007.06.002. Epub 2007 Aug 24. |
| 18234750 | Background | Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 31;358(5):453-63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072972. Epub 2008 Jan 30. |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D006259 | Craniocerebral Trauma |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |