Patients will be allowed to use commercially-available VR equipment in their hospital rooms for up to 20 days, as needed to manage pain as an adjunct to opioid and non-opioid pain medication.

Patients will be allowed to watch relaxing television content in their hospital rooms for up to 20 days, as needed to manage pain as an adjunct to opioid and non-opioid pain medication.

A menu of VR experiences, lasting from 3-30 minutes each. For example, patients may watch a soothing virtual campfire, or fly over a scenic landscape, or play an interactive game.

The primary outcome was pain intensity collected via ecological momentary assessment in the course of usual care by hospital staff. At three-to-four hour intervals during waking hours, subjects were asked by their assigned nurse to rate their pain using a standard 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS), where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "worst imaginable pain." Data are summarized as pre/post mean and in time-series.

Opioid usage was defined as mean total milligrams of morphine equivalent (MME), calculated by first multiplying the quantity of each prescribed medication by the strength of that medication (milligrams of given opioid per unit dispensed), and then multiplying this quantity-strength product by conversion factors derived from published sources to estimate the milligrams of morphine equivalent to the opioids dispensed in the prescription. The mean pre-intervention MME for subjects in each arm was calculated by adding the morphine equivalents for each prescription dispensed during the 48 hours before intervention, while the post-intervention MME for subjects in each arm was calculated by adding the morphine equivalents for each prescription dispensed during the 48 hours after intervention.

defined as the number of days from the date of admission to date of hospital discharge. Hour of admission was not available in these data, so patients admitted late on Day 0 (i.e., before midnight), and discharged the following calendar day (i.e., between 00:00 and 23:59), were counted as a 1-day hospital stay. Patients who were admitted and discharged on the same calendar day were considered to have an LOS of 0.

Patients will be allowed to use commercially-available VR equipment in their hospital rooms for up to 20 days, as needed to manage pain as an adjunct to opioid and non-opioid pain medication.

Virtual Reality: A menu of VR experiences, lasting from 3-30 minutes each. For example, patients may watch a soothing virtual campfire, or fly over a scenic landscape, or play an interactive game.

Rows differ due to uneven withdrawal and death.

The primary outcome was pain intensity collected via ecological momentary assessment in the course of usual care by hospital staff. At three-to-four hour intervals during waking hours, subjects were asked by their assigned nurse to rate their pain using a standard 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS), where 0 is "no pain" and 10 is "worst imaginable pain." Data are summarized as pre/post mean and in time-series.

Patients will be allowed to use commercially-available VR equipment in their hospital rooms for up to 20 days, as needed to manage pain as an adjunct to opioid and non-opioid pain medication.

Virtual Reality: A menu of VR experiences, lasting from 3-30 minutes each. For example, patients may watch a soothing virtual campfire, or fly over a scenic landscape, or play an interactive game.