This is a prospective case series study aiming to evaluate the effect of post-menopausal osteoporosis on the jaw bone around dental implants with a modified titanium surface. The study consists of 8 visits that will be performed within a minimum period of 15 months. Participants will be recruited from the Rheumatology Department and Radiology Department at Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust.

Participants will include 20 post-menopausal osteoporotic women with a requirement of a tooth to be replaced. The main objective of this study is to radiographically compare alveolar (jaw) bone changes in width and height after the placement of a dental implant with a hydrophilic (SLActive) surface and 12 months after loading (placement of the crown) it in post-menopausal osteoporotic women.

This is a prospective case series study aiming to radiographically assess the changes in alveolar bone width and height after the placement of a SLActive implant (implant with a modified surface that should stimulate bone formation) and 12 months after loading it in post-menopausal osteoporotic women. The null hypothesis is: in post-menopausal osteoporotic women there are no significant changes in the peri-implant alveolar bone after the placement of a SLActive implant and 12 months after loading it in terms of width and height assessed by the use of CBCT images. The aim is to include 20 post-menopausal osteoporotic women with a requirement of a tooth to be replaced. However, considering a potential drop-out rate of 10%, the investigators have planned to increase the recruitment for this trial to 22 postmenopausal women. They will be recruited from the Rheumatology Department and Radiology Department at Barts Health NHS Trust, amongst those patients attending for a consultation with the osteoporosis specialist or for taking a Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Before starting the visit, post-menopausal women meeting the inclusion criteria will be asked by a study examiner if they agree to be quickly screened for the presence of an intercalate edentulous area (edentulous area in between the teeth)and if they may be interested in taking part into the study. If they agree, a quick dental examination will be performed by a study examiner (a qualified dentist) after the visit. The patients who would qualify for enrolment will receive information on the study, the patient information sheet and consent form, together with a letter to give to their General Dental Practitioner (GDP) in order to be referred to the Centre for Oral Clinical Research. The patients that do not qualify for enrolment will receive a report of the oral screening in case they require dental treatments.

Once the referral letter arrives at the Centre for Oral Clinical Research, Barts Health, the patient will be contacted to answer any further question and to book an appointment to attend the enrolment visit, should they wish.

The study consists of 8 visits that will be performed over a minimum period of 15 months at the Centre for Oral Clinical Research at the School of Dentistry of Queen Mary University of London (QMUL):

1. Enrollment visit:

   • Signing of informed consent;
   • Recording of any concomitant medication;
   • Confirmation of participant eligibility pertaining to the presence of an intercalate single edentulous area fulfilling the inclusion criteria (wisdom teeth and second molars excluded)
   • Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) recording;
   • Clinical measurement of the periodontal parameter in the teeth adjacent to the area where the implant will be placed (Probing pocket Depth, PPD; Recession, REC; Plaque Index, PI; Bleeding on Probing, BOP)
   • Exit participant if not eligible, arrangement for full-mouth debridement treatment outside the study protocol (if needed) and refer to GDP for other dental problems (such as caries and endodontic infections).

   If the patient agrees, a letter will be sent to the General Practitioner (GP) to inform about the participation in the study.

2. Full-mouth debridement(within 90 days from enrolment):

   • Recording of any Adverse Event (AE) or concomitant medication;
   • Oral hygiene instructions and supra and sub gingival debridement of all teeth (as necessary) using ultrasonic and hand instruments as indicated. Local anaesthesia may be used as required to ensure pain control for the participant.

   In case a participant requires further periodontal treatment, this will be arranged outside the study protocol. No implant will be placed until a condition of periodontal health (no pockets ≥5 mm) will be reached.

   • In order to plan the implant placement and according to the clinician's judgment and the complexity of the case, either a Cone Bean Computed Tomography (CBCT) scan or a peri-apical intra-oral x-ray, limited at the area of the implant placement, will be taken.

3. Implant placement (within 120 days from visit 2):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Implant placement. If required, simultaneous horizontal guided regeneration (GBR) of the alveolar bone with a collagen membrane (Collprotect®, Botiss®, Zossen, Germany) and a bovine osteoconductive graft (Cerabone, Botiss®, Zossen, Germany) will be performed;
   • Recording of maximum torque at placement;
   • Healing cap screwed for semi-submerged healing;
   • Resonance frequency analysis;
   • Standardized CBCT scan limited to the implant area No sinus lift cases will be taken into consideration.

4. Suture removal (7 days + 3 days from Visit 3):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Clinical evaluation of soft tissue healing (visual inspection of the surgical site and report of any complication);
   • Suture removal;
   • Resonance frequency analysis;
   • Standardized CBCT scan limited to the implant area (if not performed on the day of implant placement).

5. Implant impression (6 weeks ± 7 days from Visit 3):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Implant impression;
   • Resonance frequency analysis. In case horizontal GBR is performed simultaneously to implant placement, the implant impression will be performed 11 weeks (+7 days) after implant placement.

6. Implant loading (8 weeks ± 7 days from Visit 3):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Clinical measurement of the periodontal parameter in the teeth adjacent to the implant (PPD, REC, PI, BOP);
   • Implant loading and occlusion control;
   • Resonance frequency analysis;
   • Peri-apical X-ray In case GBR is performed simultaneously to implant placement, the implant impression will be performed 12 weeks (+7 days) after implant placement.

7. 6-months follow-up (6 months ± 14 days from Visit 6):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Clinical measurement of the periodontal parameter in the teeth adjacent to the implant (PPD, REC, PI, BOP) and on the implant
   • Polish and oral hygiene instructions;
   • Resonance frequency analysis;

8. 12-months follow-up (12 months ± 14 days from Visit 6):

   • Recording of any AE or concomitant medication;
   • Clinical measurement of the periodontal parameter in the teeth adjacent to the implant (PPD, REC, PI, BOP) and on the implant;
   • Polish and oral hygiene instructions;
   • Resonance frequency analysis;
   • CBCT scan and evaluation of implant survival and success. Photos of the teeth/implant may be taken to facilitate case documentation. The photos will be strictly limited to the implant/teeth area so that subjects will not be identifiable.

At study completion, a letter will be sent to the patient's GDP to inform about the treatments provided and highlight any need for further treatments.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Participants must present a diagnosis of osteoporosis based on DXA measurement of the bone mineral density at the femur neck and/or total hip and/or lumbar spine (T value 2.5 SD or more below the young female adult mean) within the past 24 months.
• Not in treatment with anti-resorptive agents (like bisphosphonates and denosumab) for more than 4 consecutive years, in order to reduce the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (Lo et al., 2010).
• ≥ 50 years old.
• In self-reported menopause, defined as the permanent cessation of ovulation, for at least one year (Soules et al., 2001).
• Edentulous area involving a maximum of two teeth (wisdom teeth and second molars are excluded) and presenting at least one neighbouring tooth (e.g. gap in the area of a second premolar and first molar, with first premolar in place).
• Residual alveolar width ≥ 4 mm (Milinkovic and Cordaro, 2014), residual alveolar height >8 mm, enough inter-arch space for a crown (at least 5 mm) and a minimum distance of 7 mm from the adjacent teeth (Shah and Lum, 2008). The width and height will be confirmed after x-ray examination in Visit 2.
• Possibility to restore a functional occlusion with a minimum of four occlusal units (i.e. pairs of occluding posterior teeth).
• Willingness to replace the missing tooth/teeth with dental implants
• Registration with a GDP

Exclusion Criteria:

• On chronic treatment (i.e., two weeks or more) with any medication severely affecting oral status (e.g. participants with gingival hypertrophy caused by anti-epileptics, calcium antagonists, cyclosporine and other immunosuppressive) or bone metabolism (e.g. anticoagulant medications, long-standing steroid medications -i.e. equal or more 2.5mg of prednisolone a day taken for >3 months -, anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants).
• Affected by systemic diseases recognized to severely affect bone metabolism (e.g. Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus type 1, leukaemia, pernicious anaemia, malabsorption syndromes, chronic liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis).
• Knowingly affected by HIV or Hepatitis.
• History of local radiation therapy in the last five years.
• Affected by limited mental capacity or language skills such that study information cannot be understood, informed consent cannot be obtained, or simple instructions cannot be followed.
• Presenting an acute endodontic/periodontal lesion in the neighboring areas to the implant site.
• Completely edentulous
• With evident severe atrophy of the alveolar ridge that could preclude an implant placement (e.g. sharp knife edge ridge)
• Severe bruxism or clenching habits
• Smokers of > 5 cigarettes a day.
• A daily alcohol intake >2 units/day.
• Other severe acute or chronic medical or psychiatric condition or laboratory abnormality which may increase the risk associated with trial participation or investigational product administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study results and, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the participant inappropriate for entry into this trial.
• Patients unable or not willing to return for follow-ups.