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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| GlaxoSmithKline | INDUSTRY |
| MCM Vaccines B.V. | INDUSTRY |
| Canadian Center for Vaccinology | OTHER |
| Dalhousie University |
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This project proposes to implement and compare new community pharmacy-based strategies for improving vaccine coverage.
Although there are many safe and effective vaccines for adults, the Public Health Agency of Canada has noted that public perception of vaccination is that it is primarily for infants and children. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommends adults and adolescents receive the influenza vaccine, tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap), and meningococcal vaccines (MenACWY, 4CMenB). As well, NACI recommends that people 60 years or older receive the herpes zoster vaccine and that Canadians who travel to high-risk areas should consider getting vaccinated to protect themselves against travel-related illnesses, such as Hepatitis A and Typhoid Fever. While NACI makes recommendations, provinces and territories (P/Ts) determine if they will fund and implement vaccine programs. Unlike the childhood immunization programs which tend to be funded by P/Ts, many adult vaccines are unfunded, resulting in poor population uptake. In this project,the investigators propose to implement and compare new community pharmacy-based strategies for improving vaccine coverage.
Patients are typically educated about preventative health care during face-to-face visits with physicians in office settings. The ability to educate and deliver preventative health care is limited by the available provider time during office visits - providers often focus on acute needs and current disease management. New delivery models and a means of extending preventative health care delivery outside of traditional face-to-face office visits are needed.
Pharmacists are in a unique position of being among the most accessible of health professionals. Given their extended operating hours, accessibility, and established trust with patients, pharmacists are well-positioned to improve vaccination rates and health system efficacy through injection administration.
Vaccine coverage rates will be measured using the following:
Intervention communities include Saint John, New Brunswick and New Glasgow/Pictou/Antigonish, Nova Scotia area, which include the smaller towns of Stellarton and Westville, Nova Scotia. Control communities include Moncton, New Brunswick and Kentville/New Minas/Wolfville, Nova Scotia, which include the smaller towns of Canning and Coldbrook, Nova Scotia.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Community (2 in NB, 2 from NS) | Other | There are four communities involved in the study, two in New Brunswick and two in Nova Scotia. All pharmacies in each community will be allocated to one intervention. Interventions include: High-Dose TIV, Meningococcal B Vaccine, Meningococcal ACWY vaccine, Tdap, Herpes Zoster vaccine and Travel Health vaccines (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Typhoid Fever). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meningococcal B | Biological | Bexsero is indicated for active immunisation of individuals from 2 months of age and older against invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis group B. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | A 2-year demonstration program was conducted in two Canadian provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). One community in each province served as the intervention community, where pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Vaccine uptake was compared using pharmacy-generated reports of the number of vaccine doses administered before (from September 2015 to August 2017) and during (September 2017 to November 2019) the intervention and between non-intervention and intervention pharmacies. | At the time of vaccination, 1 day over two years from September 2017 to November 2019. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies. | Recipients of a flu vaccine in the intervention communities were actively recruited to participate in the CANVAS survey by the intervention pharmacists who handed out information sheets and/or pointed to the QR code to sign up for the survey, while flu vaccine recipients in the non-intervention pharmacies were passively recruited through posters with the QR code displayed in waiting areas without telling them about the study. Note: For this secondary outcome, "recruited" means anyone who signed up for the survey but may not have necessarily completed the survey. The number of flu vaccine recipients who were actively recruited in the intervention pharmacies or passively recruited in the non-intervention pharmacies were compared to assess the effectiveness of the active versus passive recruitment approach. |
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Inclusion criteria:
Exclusion criteria: Not meeting inclusion criteria
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Scott A Halperin, MD | Dalhousie | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IWK Health Centre | Halifax | Nova Scotia | B3K 6R8 | Canada |
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Pharmacies were recruited from four communities in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, Canada. One community in each province served as the intervention community, where community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Intervention and non-intervention pharmacies were assigned to each group rather than participants.
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists in the community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), high-dose influenza (HD flu), meningococcal B (4CMenB), meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY), travel health (hepatitis A & B, typhoid fever), and herpes zoster vaccines). The pharmacists applied various strategies, which included: combining vaccinations with other services such as influenza vaccine seasonal campaigns, back to school pharmacy services, travel season and standard services; targeted patient outreach; promotion of immunization weeks; and social media messaging, signage, handouts, and bag stuffers to promote the study vaccines. Intervention pharmacies were provided with support materials and received background information and training about the vaccines through in-person and/or web-based video conferences. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 18, 2021 |
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| OTHER |
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| High-Dose TIV | Biological | Fluzone High-Dose is an injectable influenza vaccine made to protect against the flu strains most likely to cause illness for that particular flu season. |
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| Tdap (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis) | Biological | Tdap is a combination vaccine that protects against three potentially life-threatening bacterial diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). |
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| Meningococcal ACWY | Biological | Meningococcal ACWY vaccine is indicated for active immunization of individuals up to 55 years of age against invasive meningococcal diseases caused by Neisseria meningitides serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y. |
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| Herpes Zoster | Biological | Herpes zoster vaccine is indicated for the immunization of individuals 50 years of age or older for the prevention of herpes zoster (shingles). |
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| Travel Health (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Typhoid Fever) | Biological | Hepatitis A vaccine is indicated for immunization against infections caused by hepatitis A virus; Hepatitis B vaccine is indicated for immunization against infection caused by hepatitis B virus; and typhoid fever vaccine is indicated for active immunization against Salmonella typhi, the organism which causes typhoid fever. |
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| At the time of survey recruitment, 1 day over the 5-month period the surveys remained open during the influenza seasons |
| Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked questions regarding their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. Questions related to their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers were "Are you aware that many pharmacists are trained to administer vaccines? (Yes or No)" and "Which of the following vaccines are currently administered by pharmacists in a pharmacy? (Check all that apply)". Questions related to their vaccination behaviour were "Did you get or have you ever received... (the following vaccines)?" [Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below] | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
| Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked to indicate how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers: "Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion". [Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below]. | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
| Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and about their vaccinating behaviour. The questions for their awareness of NACI recommendations were "Are you aware that the Canadian guidelines (NACI) recommends/indicates (the following vaccines)". The questions about their vaccinating behaviour was "Do you offer/discuss/recommend (the following vaccines) according to NACI guidelines?" [Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below] | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
| Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers. The questions were: "Where do you think vaccines should be administered? (Check all that apply)" [Note: those who selected 'family doctor's office', 'public health clinic', and/or 'pharmacy' as the locations are presented below]; and "Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion?" [Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below]. | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
| FG001 | Non-Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where immunization practice continued unchanged, and pharmacists would administer vaccines when requested or when deemed appropriate during routine care. Pharmacies in non-intervention communities continued their standard immunization practices without any study-related education, training, or outreach. |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
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Information on the number of participants is not available (NA) because no participants were assigned to the arms/groups. Instead, pharmacies from the selected community in each province were assigned to each arm/group. Pharmacies were not assessed for these baseline measures; therefore, data were not collected and cannot be reported.
| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists in the community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), high-dose influenza (HD flu), meningococcal B (4CMenB), meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY), travel health (hepatitis A & B, typhoid fever), and herpes zoster vaccines). The pharmacists applied various strategies, which included: combining vaccinations with other services such as influenza vaccine seasonal campaigns, back to school pharmacy services, travel season and standard services; targeted patient outreach; promotion of immunization weeks; and social media messaging, signage, handouts, and bag stuffers to promote the study vaccines. Intervention pharmacies were provided with support materials and received background information and training about the vaccines through in-person and/or web-based video conferences. |
| BG001 | Non-Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where immunization practice continued unchanged, and pharmacists would administer vaccines when requested or when deemed appropriate during routine care. Pharmacies in non-intervention communities continued their standard immunization practices without any study-related education, training, or outreach. |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
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| Pharmacies |
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| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Pharmacies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sex: Female, Male | No | Pharmacies |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | No | Pharmacies |
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| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Primary | Number of Vaccines Administered by Participating Pharmacies in the Intervention and Non-intervention Communities Before and During the Intervention. | A 2-year demonstration program was conducted in two Canadian provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia). One community in each province served as the intervention community, where pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines. One community in each province also served as the non-intervention community, where immunization practice continued unchanged. Vaccine uptake was compared using pharmacy-generated reports of the number of vaccine doses administered before (from September 2015 to August 2017) and during (September 2017 to November 2019) the intervention and between non-intervention and intervention pharmacies. | Information on the number of participants is not available (NA) because no participants were assigned to the arms/groups. Instead, pharmacies from the selected community in each province were assigned to each arm/group (intervention communities and non-intervention communities) rather than participants. | Posted | Number | Number of vaccines administered | At the time of vaccination, 1 day over two years from September 2017 to November 2019. | Pharmacies | Pharmacies |
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| Secondary | Compare the Number of Flu Vaccine Recipients Who Were Recruited and Completed the Online AEFI Survey Among Intervention Pharmacies Using Active Recruitment Strategies and the Non-intervention Pharmacies Using Passive Recruitment Strategies. | Recipients of a flu vaccine in the intervention communities were actively recruited to participate in the CANVAS survey by the intervention pharmacists who handed out information sheets and/or pointed to the QR code to sign up for the survey, while flu vaccine recipients in the non-intervention pharmacies were passively recruited through posters with the QR code displayed in waiting areas without telling them about the study. Note: For this secondary outcome, "recruited" means anyone who signed up for the survey but may not have necessarily completed the survey. The number of flu vaccine recipients who were actively recruited in the intervention pharmacies or passively recruited in the non-intervention pharmacies were compared to assess the effectiveness of the active versus passive recruitment approach. | Participants are flu vaccine recipients from both the intervention and non-intervention communities recruited to participate in the survey. Once flu vaccine recipients signed up for the survey, they then received the consent and link to complete the survey, but it was up to their discretion whether they completed the survey. Results show the overall number who signed up for the survey through the active/passive approach, and then the number who decided to complete the survey from each community. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of survey recruitment, 1 day over the 5-month period the surveys remained open during the influenza seasons |
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| Secondary | Determining the Awareness About Pharmacists as Immunizers and Vaccination Behaviours of the Targeted Public Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked questions regarding their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. Questions related to their awareness about pharmacists as immunizers were "Are you aware that many pharmacists are trained to administer vaccines? (Yes or No)" and "Which of the following vaccines are currently administered by pharmacists in a pharmacy? (Check all that apply)". Questions related to their vaccination behaviour were "Did you get or have you ever received... (the following vaccines)?" [Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below] | Participants are members of the public from the selected communities who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. They were asked questions about their awareness of pharmacists as immunizers and their vaccination behaviour. There are 3 vaccination behaviour questions that are contingency questions based on the age of the participant and were only asked to those who fall within this age group, which explains why the number analyzed differs from the overall number of participants. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
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| Secondary | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of the Targeted Public About Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, participants were asked to indicate how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers: "Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion". [Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below]. | Participants are members of the public from the selected communities who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. Participants were asked how much they agree/disagree with a list of statements about their attitudes and beliefs of pharmacists as immunizers [those who answered 'agree' are provided]. In the post-survey, some participants did not respond to the questions, which explains why the number of participants analyzed per row differs from the overall number of participants. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
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| Secondary | Determining the Awareness of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Guidelines and the Vaccinating Behaviors of Healthcare Providers Through Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and about their vaccinating behaviour. The questions for their awareness of NACI recommendations were "Are you aware that the Canadian guidelines (NACI) recommends/indicates (the following vaccines)". The questions about their vaccinating behaviour was "Do you offer/discuss/recommend (the following vaccines) according to NACI guidelines?" [Note: Those who answered 'Yes' to these yes/no questions are presented below] | Participants are Healthcare Providers (pharmacists, physicians, nurses) in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. Healthcare providers were asked about their awareness of NACI recommendations and their vaccinating behaviour [those who answered 'Yes' are provided]. In the post-survey, some participants did not respond to the questions, which explains why the number of participants analyzed per row differs from the overall number of participants. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
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| Secondary | Determining the Attitudes and Beliefs of Healthcare Providers Regarding Pharmacists as Immunizers Using Pre-intervention and Post-intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviours (KABB) Surveys | As part of the pre- and post-KABB surveys, healthcare providers were asked about their attitudes and beliefs about pharmacists as immunizers. The questions were: "Where do you think vaccines should be administered? (Check all that apply)" [Note: those who selected 'family doctor's office', 'public health clinic', and/or 'pharmacy' as the locations are presented below]; and "Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with the following statements by clicking the box that best fits your opinion?" [Note: Those who answered 'agree' are presented below]. | Participants are Healthcare Providers (pharmacists, physicians, nurses) in Nova Scotia & New Brunswick who completed the Pre- and Post-Intervention KABB Surveys. They were asked about their attitudes and beliefs on pharmacists as immunizers. Some participants did not respond to these questions, which explains why the numbers analyzed differs from the overall numbers of participants. The statement "I would refer a patient to receive a vaccine from a pharmacist" was only asked to physician/nurses. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | At the time of survey administration, 1 day over the 9-month period each of the surveys remained open |
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All-cause mortality, serious adverse events, and other (not including serious) adverse events were not assessed for the study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists in the community pharmacies were allocated to implement various strategies specifically designed for each of the target vaccines (tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap), high-dose influenza (HD flu), meningococcal B (4CMenB), meningococcal ACWY (MenACWY), travel health (hepatitis A & B, typhoid fever), and herpes zoster vaccines). The pharmacists applied various strategies, which included: combining vaccinations with other services such as influenza vaccine seasonal campaigns, back to school pharmacy services, travel season and standard services; targeted patient outreach; promotion of immunization weeks; and social media messaging, signage, handouts, and bag stuffers to promote the study vaccines. Intervention pharmacies were provided with support materials and received background information and training about the vaccines through in-person and/or web-based video conferences. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EG001 | Non-Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where immunization practice continued unchanged, and pharmacists would administer vaccines when requested or when deemed appropriate during routine care. Pharmacies in non-intervention communities continued their standard immunization practices without any study-related education, training, or outreach. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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The demonstration program was not able to separate which of the various outreach strategies had the most impact on vaccination uptake (e.g., unable to separate simulated public funding from other outreach strategies such as posters, targeted outreach for the Tdap vaccine). This may be an indication that pharmacies focused on the Tdap vaccine because it was "funded" (simulated public funding).
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Jennifer Isenor | Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University | 902-494-2378 | jennifer.isenor@dal.ca |
| Nov 28, 2023 |
| Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| C570015 | 4CMenB vaccine |
| D007252 | Influenza Vaccines |
| D053061 | Herpes Zoster Vaccine |
| D022362 | Hepatitis A Vaccines |
| D017325 | Hepatitis B Vaccines |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014765 | Viral Vaccines |
| D014612 | Vaccines |
| D001688 | Biological Products |
| D045424 | Complex Mixtures |
| D019433 | Chickenpox Vaccine |
| D022283 | Herpesvirus Vaccines |
| D014761 | Viral Hepatitis Vaccines |
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One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the intervention site where pharmacists used an active recruitment approach for the online AEFI survey, which involved handing out an information sheet and registration form to patients receiving an influenza vaccine in their pharmacies. |
| OG001 | Non-Intervention Communities | One community in each Nova Scotia and New Brunswick served as the non-intervention site where pharmacists used a passive recruitment approach for the online AEFI survey which involved displaying posters and study information sheets that contained a link for the survey patient self-registration page. |
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| OG001 | Post-Intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs & Behaviours (KABB) Surveys (Public) | After the 2-year demonstration program/intervention (post-intervention), another cross-sectional online survey was launched to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours (KABB) of community-dwelling adult members of the public regardless of whether or not they were vaccinated as part of this demonstration study. Similar to the pre-intervention survey, this survey asked questions about the targeted vaccines and the delivery of vaccines by pharmacists and included a variety of yes/no, multiple choice and Likert scale-rating questions. |
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| OG001 | Post-Intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs & Behaviours (KABB) Surveys (Public) | After the 2-year demonstration program/intervention (post-intervention), another cross-sectional online survey was launched to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours (KABB) of community-dwelling adult members of the public regardless of whether or not they were vaccinated as part of this demonstration study. Similar to the pre-intervention survey, this survey asked questions about the targeted vaccines and the delivery of vaccines by pharmacists and included a variety of yes/no, multiple choice and Likert scale-rating questions. |
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| OG001 | Post-Intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs & Behaviours (KABB) Surveys (Healthcare Providers) | After the 2-year demonstration program/intervention (post-intervention), another cross-sectional online survey was launched to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours (KABB) of healthcare providers. Similar to the pre-intervention survey, this survey asked questions about specific vaccines, current and changing vaccine practices, and logistics of vaccination delivery and included a variety of yes/no, multiple choice, Likert scale-rating questions, and an open-ended question. |
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| OG001 | Post-Intervention Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs & Behaviours (KABB) Surveys (Healthcare Providers) | After the 2-year demonstration program/intervention (post-intervention), another cross-sectional online survey was launched to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours (KABB) of healthcare providers. Similar to the pre-intervention survey, this survey asked questions about specific vaccines, current and changing vaccine practices, and logistics of vaccination delivery and included a variety of yes/no, multiple choice, Likert scale-rating questions, and an open-ended question. |
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