Estimation of Interleukin-21 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients With Periodontal Health and Disease Following Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Clinico-biochemical Study
Estimation of Interleukin-21 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients With Periodontal Health and Disease Following Non-surgical Periodontal Therapy: A Clinico-biochemical Study
Human IL-21 is present in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. A significant increase in the concentration of IL-21 in gingival crevicular fluid is observed with an increase in the amount of periodontal destruction. Non- surgical periodontal therapy aided in decrease of GCF IL-21 levels in clinical gingivitis and chronic periodontitis
Introduction
Periodontal disease is a poly-microbial disease that affects tooth-supporting tissues. Integral part of periodontal disease involves destruction of periodontal tissues that results from stimulation of the bacterial challenge to host immune-inflammatory response. Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontal disease in adult population. The bacterial plaque biofilm is the primitive factor for periodontitis, but the majority of destruction of the periodontal tissues would eventually conclude from a sequence of immune-inflammatory reactions. As a result of cellular activation, inflammatory mediators include cytokines, chemokines etc. collectively contribute to tissue destruction and bone resorption. Cytokines can be grouped as Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) based on their expression pattern and effects on target cells or tissues.5 Classically, periodontal disease has been explained by Th1/Th2 pathway. Th1 cells are more frequently detected in the early stage of periodontal lesions suggesting that Th1 cells are associated with a protective response against bacterial infection whereas Th2 cells predominate in the later and advanced period of the disease, having a role in the destruction and progression of periodontal lesions. Alternative type of host response to pathogenic bacteria has been described by the IL-23/IL-17 pathway. This alternative pathway occurs when bacteria induce synthesis of IL-23/17 rather than IL-12, which plays a pivotal role in initiation and maintenance of inflammatory response. IL-23/17 pathway as compared to classical Th1/Th2 pathway is a much fine tuned cellular immune response that has a multitude of functions that bridges the innate and adaptive arm of the immune response.9 Th17 cytokines (IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor {TNF}-a, etc.)8 participate in periodontal disease, but whether their dominant role is host-protective or destructive is questionable. These cytokines have not been elucidated at different inflammatory status in periodontitis.
IL-21 is a type-I cytokine, structurally it appears similar to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15 proteins. IL-21 is principally composed by activated T cells, but it directs a vast spectrum of myeloid and lymphoid cells of the immune system, which facilitate IL-21 to modulate the acquired and innate immunity.10 IL-21 compete in the immunity against tumor cells11 and chronic viral infections,12 however, enormous accomplishment of IL-21 has been correlated with the advancement of immune inflammatory diseases in various organs.13 IL-21 is heighten in dermatological conditions like skin biopsies14 of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. In addition, IL-21 interpretation correspond with the presence of Th17 cells in synovial fluid and peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Role of IL-21 in inflammation has been extensively studied; the treatment aspect on its levels in periodontal diseases needs to be further explored. Therefore, in the light of the above findings, the investigators determine the levels of interleukin-21 (IL-21) in GCF from chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis and control patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy along with the co-relation of clinical parameters of periodontal tissues destruction.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
PATIENTS:
Thirty four patients (19 males and 15 females, aged 20-60 years) were consecutively enrolled over a six month period (April 2014 to September 2014) from the outpatient department of periodontology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, and Karnataka. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the institutional ethical committee (02-D012-36773). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles described in the Declaration of Helsinki 2008. Procedure of the study was explained and informed written consent was obtained from all the participants before their inclusion in the study. Among them, 24 patients having diseased periodontium were grouped into 12 chronic gingivitis and 12 chronic periodontitis patients whereas 10 healthy individuals were included as control. Inclusion criteria were: patients having more than or equal to 14 functional teeth, systemically healthy patients who had not received any form of surgical and non surgical periodontal therapy or received antibiotics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy within the past 6 months of the study. Chronic gingivitis was defined as having probing depth (PD) less than or equal to 4mm and more than to 25% sites with gingival bleeding present (BOP).15 Chronic periodontitis was defined as having probing depth more than or equal to 5mm, RAL more than or equal to 8mm, with more than or equal to 10% sites with BOP positive and evidence of bone loss determined radiographically.16 Patients who volunteered with no evidence of periodontal disease determined by the absence of increased PD or AL were considered as healthy control group.
Clinical Measurements:
Clinical parameters were measured and evaluated for all the teeth excluding 3rd molars, at all the six sites for each tooth (mesio-buccal, disto-buccal, disto-lingual, mid-lingual and mesiolingual). These parameters consisted of pocket depth (PD), assessment of gingival bleeding i.e gingival index (GI), dichotomous measurement of supragingival plaque accumulation i.e plaque index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) to the base of the crevice. One calibrated examiner (MN) performed all the patient evaluations and measurements.
GCF samples collection and analysis:
In all three groups, GCF samples were collected at baseline and 6 weeks post treatment. Site selection was based on the highest score recorded for single site in the oral cavity. A single site in each subject that showed worst inflammatory manifestations (chronic gingivitis) and the highest RAL level (chronic periodontitis) was selected for gingival crevicular fluid collection. In our study, we selected a single site in each subject to avoid pooling of samples from multiple sites, as periodontitis is a site specific disease. Prior to the collection of GCF samples supragingival plaque was removed with cotton pellets avoiding contact with marginal gingiva. Standard paperstrips were carefully inserted to a depth of approximately 2mm, into the sulcus/pocket for 30 seconds for collection of GCF. Blood contaminated strips were discarded and alternative site was used to obtain replacement samples. In chronic gingivitis patients, alternative sample wre collected with the next highest GI scores and in chronic periodontitis patients the next deepest Probing pocket depth {PPD} was selected for the alternative sample site. A calibrated appliance was used to quantify the GCF sample volume and reading were converted to actual volume (μL) by reference to a standard curve, prepared using the periotron reading of volume of fluid (μL) distilled water in perio-col strips. A blank gingival fluid collection (perio-col) strip was placed between the periotron fluid meta sensors and the instrument was adjusted to display a reading of zero. A microlitre syringe was used to accurately deliver 0.25-1.25 μL fluid (distilled water) to perio-col strip. The strips were immediately placed between the periotron sensors. The periotron score volume displayed the known volume of fluid recorded. This step was repeated three more time with 0.25 μL of test fluid and the average score recorded. The above step was repeated using volume of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 μL, and in every instance the mean periotron value calculated and recorded. Once all the score were obtained, a standard curve was computed with known fluid volume (X-axis) and periotron score (Y-axis). In a similar way GCF volumes (from health, chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis) from study patients were obtained automatically with periotron score. The interpolation from standard calibration graph gave volume of fluid. After measurement of volume, the strips from the selected sites were placed immediately into individual microcentrifuge tubes containing 200 μL of phosphate buffer solution. The samples were stored at -80 °C until further analysis.
ELISA
The levels of IL-21 in the GCF were determined using ELISA according to the manufactures instruction. To elute the proteins, the tube containing the periopaper strips were vortexed and homogenized for 30 seconds and then centrifuged at 12,500 rpm at 4°C for 5 minutes. The kit used monoclonal antibody MT 21.3 biotin and human recombinant IL-21 standard (captured antibody). Samples were run in triplicate to authenticate the sensitivity of ELISA and all the samples were found to be within the detection limit of ELISA. An ELISA reader (spectramax 190 Ab sorbance microplate reader; molecular devices; Sunnyvale, CA, USA) with 450 nm as elementary wavelength was used to measure the absorbance of the substrate. Conversion of the absorbance readings obtained, into definite volume (pg/mL) were performed using standard reference curve. The protein concentration at each site (pg/mL) were determined by dividing the total amount of IL-21 (pg) by gingival crevicular fluid volume (μL) and subsequently the (pg/μL) values were converted into (pg/mL).
Periodontal treatment protocols:
At baseline, clinical parameters and collection of GCF samples for all patients was done. All patients received a thorough oral hygiene instructions, a full mouth supragingival subgingival scaling along with root planing. Non-surgical periodontal therapy for group III was performed in 2-3 appointments. A single calibrated examiner (MN) provided treatment to all study patients.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
The power of study and sample size calculation was determined on the basis of change in GCF IL-21 level. Current estimates as a pilot study which included 12 patients in each test group and 10 in control group with total sample size of 34 patients. Type II error level of β = 0.20 (80% power) and type I error level of α=0.05 (5% probability) was calculated. The distribution of the samples with respective values of PI, GI, BOP, PD, RAL and IL-21 levels of pre-operatively and post-operatively was analyzed statistically. Data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed using SPSS {statistical package for social science}, ver.10.05) package. Proportions were compared using Chi-square test (χ2) test of significance. Normality of data was tested using Shapiro-Wilk test. A student t-test was performed to determine pre and post treatment difference values. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the difference between the groups. Comparison of the biochemical and clinical parameters were performed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: