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Chronic pain is a highly prevalent and costly health care problem. Yet, little is known about the optimal ways for health care providers and family members to respond to the distress expressed by people with chronic pain. The aim of the current study is to compare two models of responsiveness to identify responses that result in better functioning and adjustment. An experimental design will be used to test the extent to which emotional validation (e.g., an empathic response to distress) increases or decreases pain behaviors during physical activity. Romantic partners of individuals with chronic pain will be randomly assigned to receive validation or control training. Following training, people with chronic pain and their partners will engage in a discussion about pain and complete household tasks to examine the effects of partner training on communication, pain intensity, and pain behavior. Additionally, each individual in the couple will complete self-report measures after the discussion, after the household tasks, and one-month following the laboratory visit.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Validation Training | Experimental | In this arm, the romantic partner of the individual with chronic pain receives training on how to validate which is provided by the research assistant. |
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| Education Training | Placebo Comparator | In this arm, the romantic partner of the individual with chronic pain receives training on how to ask questions about treatments, which is provided by the research assistant. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional Validation Training for Romantic Partners | Behavioral | In this intervention, romantic partners of individuals with chronic pain are trained individually by a research assistant. The romantic partner is trained on how to validate the individual with chronic pain's pain-related distress and given education about validation. This involves an approximately 45-minute brief, interactive training. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Behavior (Behavioral coding) | Pain behaviors (e.g., grimacing, guarding) measured with behavioral coding conducted by research assistants. | During lab visit, during household tasks conducted in the laboratory, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Pain Intensity (0 - 10 self-report rating scale) | The individual with chronic pain will be asked to report on the pain they experienced during the discussion with their partner, controlling for their baseline pain rating at the beginning of their laboratory visit. | During lab visit, during discussion task, approx. 5 minutes after partner training (intervention) |
| Pain Intensity (0 - 10 self-report rating scale) | The individual with chronic pain will be asked to report on the pain they experienced during each household task (e.g., making a bed), controlling for baseline pain rating at the beginning of their laboratory visit. | During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Number of Partner Validating Responses (Behavioral coding) | Validating responses will be coded by research assistants. | During lab visit, during discussion task, approx. 5 minutes after partner training (intervention) |
| Number of Partner Invalidating Responses (Behavioral coding) | Invalidating responses will be coded by research assistants. | During lab visit, during discussion task, approx. 5 minutes after partner training (intervention) |
| Pain-Related Emotional Disclosures (Behavioral coding) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Relationship Satisfaction (Questionnaire) | Couples Satisfaction Index, Funk & Rogge, 2007. Both partners' self-reports of relationship satisfaction. | 1-month after the intervention |
| Interpersonal Closeness (Questionnaire) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Angelia M Corley, M.A. | Wayne State University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wayne State University's Relationships and Health Lab | Detroit | Michigan | 48202 | United States |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D054928 | Validation Studies as Topic |
| D004522 | Educational Status |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005069 | Evaluation Studies as Topic |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D017531 | Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
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|
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| Chronic Pain Education Training for Romantic Partners | Behavioral | In this intervention, romantic partners of individuals with chronic pain are trained individually by a research assistant. The romantic partner is trained on how to ask health professionals questions about treatment options and given health education about chronic pain. This involves an approximately 45-minute brief, interactive training. |
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Behavioral coding by research assistants, accounting for activity level during household tasks.
| During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Number of Partner Validating Responses (Behavioral coding) | Validating responses will be coded by research assistants | During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Number of Partner Invalidating Responses (Behavioral coding) | Invalidating responses will be coded by research assistants | During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Partner Instrumental support (Behavioral coding) | Partner instrumental support includes number of offers of assistance, acts of assistance, and behaviors that discourage physical activity, which will be measured by behavioral coding by research assistants | During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
| Individual with Chronic Pain Assistance Behavior (Behavioral coding) | Includes requests for assistance and accepting assistance, as measured by behavioral coding conducted by a research assistant | During lab visit, during household tasks, approx. 15 - 35 mins. after partner training (intervention) |
Inclusion of Other in Self Scale, Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992. Both partners' self-reports of interpersonal closeness.
| During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Perceived Partner Responsiveness (Questionnaire) | Reis et al., 2003.Both partners' self-reports on Perceived Partner Responsiveness. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Pain Intensity (Questionnaire) | Brief Pain Inventory, Cleeland, 1992. The individual with chronic pain reports on their pain intensity using a 0 - 10 self-report scale, and indicates their average pain intensity over the last 24 hours. | 1-month after the intervention |
| Accuracy of Estimate of Individual with Chronic Pain's Pain Intensity | Romantic partner will be asked to estimate the individual with chronic pain's average pain intensity, which will be compared to the individual with chronic pain's report to assess accuracy. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Close other responses to pain and partner support (Questionnaire) | West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Kerns, Turk, & Rudy, 1985. Both partners' reports of partner responses to pain and partner support, i.e., self-report for the partner, and other-report for the individual with chronic pain. | 1-month after the intervention |
| Perceived Partner Validation (Questionnaire) | Both partners' reports of partner's validation behavior, i.e., self-report for the partner, and other-report for the individual with chronic pain. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Perceived Partner Invalidation (Questionnaire) | Both partners report on partner's invalidation behavior, i.e., self-report for the partner, and other-report for the individual with chronic pain. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Ambivalence about emotional expression measured by Holding Back Scale (Questionnaire) |
| 1-month after the intervention |
| Self- and Other-Oriented Distress (Questionnaire) | Batson, Fultz, & Schoendrade, 1987. Both partners' self-report of self- and other-oriented distress. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention) and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention) |
| Individual with Chronic Pain's Emotional Expression (Questionnaire) | Both partners' report on individual with chronic pain's emotional expression. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention), and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention), and 1-month after intervention |
| Individual with Chronic Pain's Pain Expression (Questionnaire) | Both partners' report on individual with chronic pain's pain expression. | During lab visit, during discussion task (approx. 5 mins. after intervention)and during household tasks (approx. 15 - 35 mins. after intervention) |
| Perceived Division of Workload and Collaboration (Questionnaire) | Both partners' report on their perceptions of division of workload and collaboration during household tasks. | After household tasks (approx. 35 - 45 mins. after intervention) |
| Satisfaction with the discussion (Questionnaire) | Both partners' report on their satisfaction with the discussion. | After discussion (approx. 15 mins. after intervention) |
| Satisfaction with household tasks | Both partners' report | After household tasks (approx. 35 - 45 mins. after intervention) |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
| D012959 | Socioeconomic Factors |
| D011154 | Population Characteristics |