To date, there is no treatment strategies for these patients according to American Association of the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) practice guidelines and Baveno V consensus. Thus, we aim to compare the safety and efficacy of TIPS and conservative treatment (non-selective beta blockers, endoscopic therapy and/or anticoagulation) in patients with PVT and CPTV.

The incidence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is about 16% in cirrhotic patients. Chronic PVT often cause two main undesirable consequences: symptomatic portal hypertension (such as variceal bleeding or ascites) and cavernous transformation of portal vein (CPTV). The former could lead to death and the latter increases the difficulty of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) treatment, which is considered as a main effective treatment for symptomatic portal hypertension. Some patients with CPTV and variceal bleeding only have to receive conservative treatment (non-selective beta blockers, endoscopic therapy and/or anticoagulation). With advances in technology, modified TIPS procedure could significantly improve the operation success rate of patients with CPTV. To date, the difference in safety and efficacy between TIPS and conservative treatment (non-selective beta blockers, endoscopic therapy and/or anticoagulation) in patients with PVT and CPTV is still unclear.

Inclusion Criteria:

• All patients diagnosis with portal vein thrombosis and cavernous transformation of portal vein and portal hypertension by contrast enhanced CT or MRI.
• History of variceal bleeding.
• Liver cirrhosis.
• Neutrophilous counts≥ 1.5×109/L, Platelet counts ≥ 50 × 109/L, Hemoglobin≥ 85g/L.
• Albumin ≥2.8 g/dL, total bilirubin <51.3 umol/L; alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase（AST）<5 times of upper limit.
• PT(Prothrombin time)-INR(international normalized ratio) < 1.7.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Thrombosis involve superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein, or the whole portal vein system. Not suitable for TIPS (judged by principal investigator).
• Company with malignant tumors in liver or other organs.
• Patients with known severe dysfunction of heart, lung, brain or kidney.
• Active bleeding.
• Not eligible for anticoagulation therapy,non-selective beta blockers or endoscopic therapy.
• Uncontrolled infection.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding.
• HIV infection.