This is an observational neuroimaging treatment study. This study involves examining the neural circuitry of controlled treatment of patients presenting with a first-episode of psychosis with risperidone or aripiprazole. Patients who present for treatment of a first psychotic episode with a schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis and who are eligible to undergo treatment with either risperidone or aripiprazole will be offered participation in the study. Clinical ratings, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging and EEG will be conducted at baseline. Additionally, subjects will undergo the same assessments at week 12 to determine treatment-related biomarkers. Clinical ratings, including neurocognitive testing, will be conducted by blinded raters at study visits during treatment. Healthy controls (N=50) will also be recruited and scanned twice (12-week interval) to control for effects of time and practice.

In this proposed study, the study will examine treatment-related effects on functional brain circuitry in first episode schizophrenia. Converging lines of evidence suggest a key role for striatal disconnectivity in the pathophysiology of psychosis. The proposed study will utilize resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), as well as fMRI tasks derived from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, to: 1) develop and validate a prognostic biomarker to predict antipsychotic treatment response; and 2) to model the underlying neural circuitry changes associated with state changes in psychotic symptomatology. As a prognostic biomarker, a neuroimaging assay of striatal connectivity can potentially provide a clinically useful tool to advance the goal of precision medicine. As a longitudinal index of symptom change, our model can serve as an objective index against which to measure potential efficacy of newly developed antipsychotic treatments.

A large, well-characterized cohort of patients presenting with a first episode active psychosis (regardless of DSM diagnosis) will be recruited, along with matched controls. The study will utilize two well-validated fMRI tasks capturing two portions of the positive valence system: probabilistic category learning and reward responsiveness; these tasks are designed to interrogate dorsal and ventral corticostriatal circuits, respectively. The design will be longitudinal, with two scanning sessions performed for each patient: at baseline, and after 12 weeks of treatment. Treatment will be standardized across all patients to reduce potential confounds, and healthy controls will also be scanned at baseline and 12 weeks in order to control for effects of time and practice. Level of psychotic symptomatology (hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder) will be measured at regular intervals using a comprehensive battery of rating scales. As secondary measures, electroencephalography (EEG) will be performed coinciding with neuroimaging on a subset of patients who provide consent. We will utilize Kaplan-Meier estimators and hierarchical linear modeling to examine the association of baseline striatal connectivity, and changes in connectivity over time, with clinical response of psychotic symptoms to antipsychotic treatment. Deliverables will include both baseline and longitudinal biomarkers that can subsequently be tested in broader, more heterogeneous populations of patients with psychosis.

Patients

Inclusion Criteria:

1. current DSM-IV-defined diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder NOS, bipolar I with psychotic features (acute manic or mixed episode), major depressive disorder with psychotic features as assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-IV Disorders (SCID-I/P) (First et al, 1994);
2. does not meet DSM-IV criteria for a current substance-induced psychotic disorder, a psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, delusional disorder, shared psychotic disorder, or a mood disorder without psychotic features;
3. current positive symptoms rated ≥4 (moderate) on one or more of these BPRS (Woerner et al., 1988) items: conceptual disorganization, grandiosity, hallucinatory behavior, unusual thought content;
4. is in a early phase of illness as defined by having taken antipsychotic medications for a cumulative lifetime period of 4 weeks or less,
5. age 15 to 40;
6. competent and willing to sign informed consent; and
7. for women, negative pregnancy test and agreement to use a medically accepted birth control method.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. serious neurological or endocrine disorder or any medical condition or treatment known to affect the brain
2. any medical condition which requires treatment with a medication with psychotropic effects
3. significant risk of suicidal or homicidal behavior
4. cognitive or language limitations, or any other factor that would preclude subjects providing informed consent
5. medical contraindications to treatment with risperidone or aripiprazole monotherapy (e.g. neuroleptic malignant syndrome with prior risperidone exposure)
6. lack of response to a prior adequate trial of risperidone or aripiprazole

Healthy Volunteers

Inclusion

1. age 15 to 40
2. competent to sign informed consent

Exclusion

1. lifetime history of any mood disorder or any psychotic disorder as determined by clinical interview using the SCID-NP
2. MR imaging contraindications
3. neurologic conditions
4. any serious non-psychiatric disorder that could affect brain functioning
5. mental retardation

Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Psychotic Disorders