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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Brigham and Women's Hospital | OTHER |
| Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) | OTHER |
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Project Viva is a prospective cohort study of maternal and child health, following over 2,000 mother-child pairs from the mother's pregnancy into the child's adolescence.
In 1999-2002 the Project Viva team recruited 2,670 pregnant women during their first trimester of pregnancy from eight obstetric (OB) offices of a multi-site group practice in eastern Massachusetts. 2,128 of the women had a live birth and approximately 1,600 mother-child pairs are still involved in the study. Project Viva collects data annually from multiple sources, including questionnaires, interviews, medical records, examinations, and biospecimen samples. Project Viva intends to follow participants as long as there is grant funding and interest from the participants. Some of the most beneficial health findings come from long-term follow-up.
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements of child BMI z-score in kg/m^2, standardized into a sex- and age-specific z-score using national reference data (CDC growth charts) | The study team measures child weight and length/height at each time point, and BMI is calculated and standardized based on the child's age at the time of measurement. | Research measurements at birth, 6mo, early childhood (~3y), mid-childhood (~8y), early teen (~14y), and mid-late teen (~17y). |
| Maternal post-partum weight retention, calculated as the difference between weight in kg at 1 year postpartum and pre-pregnancy weight | Investigators obtained prenatal weights from the clinical record, and calculated total gestational weight gain (GWG) as the difference between the last weight recorded in the 4 weeks prior to delivery and pre-pregnancy weight. Project Viva mothers reported their weight at 1-year postpartum via questionnaire. | Before the Project Viva pregnancy and 1-year postpartum |
| Child metabolic risk score, calculated as a standard deviation (SD) score | Investigators derived the metabolic risk score as the mean of 5 sex- and cohort-specific z-scores for: waist circumference (cm), systolic blood pressure (SBP, calculated as the average of 5 measurements taken 1 minute apart), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL, scaled inversely), log-transformed triglycerides (mg/dL) and log-transformed HOMA-IR (calculated as fasting insulin [ÎĽU/mL] x fasting glucose [mg/dL]/405). | HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose and waist circumference measured at ~8y, ~14y, and ~17y of age. Blood pressure measured at birth, ~6mo, ~3y, ~8y, ~14y, and ~17y. Metabolic risk score calculated at ~8y, ~14y, and ~17y. |
| Child neurodevelopment, assessed by continuous scores on the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition (WRAML2), Design and Picture Memory subtests and The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition (KBIT-2) | Children completed both the WRAML2 and the KBIT-2 at the mid-childhood visit (~8y) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Child's birth length in cm | Measured at birth | |
| Child's birth weight in grams, standardized into a sex- and gestational age-specific z-score using national reference data | Measured at birth |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Mothers initially recruited during their first prenatal visit (median 9.9 wks gestation) at a multi-specialty group practice in eastern Massachusetts between 1999-2002 and their children.
Project Viva recruited 2670 women (64% of those who were approached for participation). 2,128 were still enrolled at the time of delivery and had live births, resulting in a cohort of 2,128 mother-child pairs.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emily Oken, MD, MPH | Harvard Medical School / Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41108089 | Derived | Harnois-Leblanc S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Switkowski KM, Perng W, Aris IM, Oken E, Young JG, Hivert MF. Estimating sex-specific population-level effects of limiting sugar-sweetened beverages or 100% fruit juices during childhood on insulin resistance, central adiposity, and glycemic outcomes in late adolescence. Am J Epidemiol. 2026 Mar 5;195(3):850-858. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf225. | |
| 38614240 | Derived | Switkowski KM, Kronsteiner-Gicevic S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Lightdale JR, Oken E. Evaluation of the Prime Diet Quality Score from Early Childhood Through Mid-Adolescence. J Nutr. 2024 Jun;154(6):1890-1906. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.014. Epub 2024 Apr 16. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Full publication list from Project Viva website | View source |
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Project Viva protocols include a data sharing plan. The process for requesting data is detailed in the study policy document, available on the Project Viva website: https://www.hms.harvard.edu/viva/policies-for-using-our-data.pdf.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D063766 | Pediatric Obesity |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D001249 | Asthma |
| D006967 | Hypersensitivity |
| D001519 | Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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Mom: 1st trimester-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma); 2nd trimester-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top; birth - hair; early childhood-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma); mid-teen-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma, RBC), grey top (plasma), urine
Child: cord blood-heparin top (cell pellets and supernatant), serum, EDTA top (plasma, WBC-DNA); early childhood-EDTA top (plasma, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma, RBC); early childhood (Immune Substudy)-EDTA top, heparin top (room temp - stimulation supernatants, plasma), and heparin top (cold - RBC, plasma); mid-childhood-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma, RBC), grey top (plasma), urine, hair; early teen - EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma, RBC), 2 ml grey top (plasma), urine, hair; mid-teen-EDTA top (plasma, RBC, WBC-DNA), heparin top (plasma, RBC), grey top (plasma), PAXgene blood RNA (RBC), baby teeth, urine, hair
| Mother's report of a clinical diagnosis of asthma, wheeze or reactive airway disease | Mothers answered yes or no when asked "have you ever been told by a health care professional, such as a doctor, physician assistant or nurse practitioner, that your child has…
Mothers reported asthma, wheezing and reactive airways as a single outcome at the infancy visit and separately at the early and mid-childhood visits. At the early teen visit, the mother reported a diagnosis of asthma only. | Interviews administered at 6mo, early childhood (~3y), mid-childhood (~8y), early teen (~14y), and mid-late teen (~17y). |
| 36913449 | Derived | Choudhary D, Rideout TC, Cameron CE, Lehman HK, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Wen X. Egg Introduction during Infancy is Associated with Lower Fat Mass Index in Females at Early Adolescence. J Nutr. 2023 Jan;153(1):158-166. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.003. Epub 2022 Dec 20. |
| 35441227 | Derived | McGovern C, Rifas-Shiman SL, Switkowski KM, Woo Baidal JA, Lightdale JR, Hivert MF, Oken E, Aris IM. Association of cow's milk intake in early childhood with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in early adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Aug 4;116(2):561-571. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac103. |
| 33829237 | Derived | Wu AJ, Aris IM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Taveras EM, Hivert MF. Longitudinal associations of fruit juice intake in infancy with DXA-measured abdominal adiposity in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jul 1;114(1):117-123. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab043. |
| 33693813 | Derived | Switkowski KM, Camargo CA, Rifas-Shiman SL, Fuller H, Oken E. Early-Life Factors Are Associated with Vitamin D Status in Early and Mid-Childhood and May Differ between White and Black Children. J Nutr. 2021 May 11;151(5):1256-1268. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa456. |
| 33565964 | Derived | Turturice BA, Theorell J, Koenig MD, Tussing-Humphreys L, Gold DR, Litonjua AA, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Perinatal granulopoiesis and risk of pediatric asthma. Elife. 2021 Feb 10;10:e63745. doi: 10.7554/eLife.63745. |
| 33484136 | Derived | Mahmassani HA, Switkowski KM, Scott TM, Johnson EJ, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Jacques PF. Maternal Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin during Pregnancy Is Positively Associated with Offspring Verbal Intelligence and Behavior Regulation in Mid-Childhood in the Project Viva Cohort. J Nutr. 2021 Mar 11;151(3):615-627. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxaa348. |
| 31757860 | Derived | Gingras V, Aris IM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Switkowski KM, Oken E, Hivert MF. Timing of Complementary Feeding Introduction and Adiposity Throughout Childhood. Pediatrics. 2019 Dec;144(6):e20191320. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1320. |
| 30869114 | Derived | Switkowski KM, Jacques PF, Must A, Fleisch A, Oken E. Associations of protein intake in early childhood with body composition, height, and insulin-like growth factor I in mid-childhood and early adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019 Apr 1;109(4):1154-1163. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy354. |
| 30558613 | Derived | Gingras V, Rifas-Shiman SL, Taveras EM, Oken E, Hivert MF. Dietary behaviors throughout childhood are associated with adiposity and estimated insulin resistance in early adolescence: a longitudinal study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018 Dec 17;15(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s12966-018-0759-0. |
| 30327360 | Derived | Gingras V, Rifas-Shiman SL, Derks IPM, Aris IM, Oken E, Hivert MF. Associations of Gestational Glucose Tolerance With Offspring Body Composition and Estimated Insulin Resistance in Early Adolescence. Diabetes Care. 2018 Dec;41(12):e164-e166. doi: 10.2337/dc18-1490. Epub 2018 Oct 16. No abstract available. |
| 28592512 | Derived | Switkowski KM, Jacques PF, Must A, Hivert MF, Fleisch A, Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman S, Oken E. Higher Maternal Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Cord Blood Concentrations of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-II, IGF Binding Protein 3, and Insulin, but Not IGF-I, in a Cohort of Women with High Protein Intake. J Nutr. 2017 Jul;147(7):1392-1400. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.250589. Epub 2017 Jun 7. |
| 27581477 | Derived | Switkowski KM, Jacques PF, Must A, Kleinman KP, Gillman MW, Oken E. Maternal protein intake during pregnancy and linear growth in the offspring. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Oct;104(4):1128-1136. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.128421. Epub 2016 Aug 31. |
| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001982 | Bronchial Diseases |
| D012140 | Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D008173 | Lung Diseases, Obstructive |
| D008171 | Lung Diseases |
| D012130 | Respiratory Hypersensitivity |
| D006969 | Hypersensitivity, Immediate |
| D007154 | Immune System Diseases |