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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1R21HD084327-01 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) | NIH |
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The study aims to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc.
A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. By capitalizing on these wireless and low-cost technologies, it will permit the regular and non-invasive monitoring of infants, which can lead to detailed, non-obtrusive, quantitative evaluation of motor development. In this vein, the investigators also aim to conduct proof-of-concept testing of the SmarToyGym with atypical and typical developing infants. The investigators will include infants' ages 3 to 11 months who are categorized as high-risk or low-risk using the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener.
The proposed research is specifically designed to investigate the ability of a novel tool to identify atypically developing infants from their typically developing peers. Twenty-four infants will be recruited to participate, including 12 who are developing typically and 12 who are identified as at-risk for neuromotor delay. Infants with typical development will be at least 3 months and less than 11 months of age, score in the low-risk category on the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener (BINS), score a greater than 85 on all sub-scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-II), have no history of significant cardiac, orthopedic, or neurological condition, and gestational age at least 37 weeks. Infants at risk for neuromotor delay will be at least 3 months and less than 11 months of age (corrected for preterm birth if applicable), score in the moderate or high risk categories on the BINS, and score an 85 or less on the motor sub-scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-II). In an effort to decrease variability of the data, infants in each group will be further stratified into an older group (8-10+ months) and a younger group (3-5 months).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infants | Experimental | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Infants exhibiting typical development between 3 months and 11 months of age 2 . Infants exhibiting atypical development (at-risk for neuromotor delay) between 3 months and 11 months of age. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SmarToyGym | Device | We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Wrist Position | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of wrist position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist position were measured. Wrist position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Michelle J Johnson, PhD | Penn Medicine Rittenhouse | Principal Investigator |
| Laura Prosser, PT, PhD | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19104 | United States | ||
| Michelle J Johnson, PhD |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33959406 | Background | Lysenko S, Seethapathi N, Prosser L, Kording K, Johnson MJ. Towards Automated Emotion Classification of Atypically and Typically Developing Infants. Proc IEEE RAS EMBS Int Conf Biomed Robot Biomechatron. 2020 Nov-Dec;2020:503-508. doi: 10.1109/BioRob49111.2020.9224271. Epub 2020 Oct 15. | |
| 28813932 | Background | Goyal V, Torres W, Rai R, Shofer F, Bogen D, Bryant P, Prosser L, Johnson MJ. Quantifying infant physical interactions using sensorized toys in a natural play environment. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 2017 Jul;2017:882-887. doi: 10.1109/ICORR.2017.8009360. |
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The same group of infants were analyzed throughout the study and for all outcome measures. The number differs for each outcome measure because data for some infants were excluded, the number varying for each study due to the specific outcome measure. These exclusions are specifically explained for each outcome measure in the outcome measures section. Infants #35 and #36 were consented, but no data was collected for them regarding any outcome measure.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Full-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
| FG001 | Pre-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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Baseline Data were collected from infants irrespective of full term/pre-term status and therefore cannot be separated.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Full-Term and Pre-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development, and by low, moderate, and high risk. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
|
1 hour participation sessions, over 8 months
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Full-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dr. Michelle J. Johnson | Penn Medicine Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | 4148130128 | johnmic@pennmedicine.upenn.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 19, 2021 | Apr 9, 2023 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Apr 12, 2019 | Feb 18, 2023 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002547 | Cerebral Palsy |
| D007859 | Learning Disabilities |
| D020521 | Stroke |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001925 | Brain Damage, Chronic |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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|
| 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
| Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
| Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
| Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
| Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
| Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
| Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Elephant toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
| Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Orangutan toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
| Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Lion toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
| 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Ankle Position | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of ankle position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm ankle position were measured. Ankle position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Wrist Velocity | Kinematic (x, y) representation of wrist movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist movement were measured. Wrist movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Ankle Velocity | Kinematic (x, y) representation of ankle movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left ankle movement were measured. Ankle movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
| Philadelphia |
| Pennsylvania |
| 19146 |
| United States |
| 28813925 | Background | Shivakumar SS, Loeb H, Bogen DK, Shofer F, Bryant P, Prosser L, Johnson MJ. Stereo 3D tracking of infants in natural play conditions. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot. 2017 Jul;2017:841-846. doi: 10.1109/ICORR.2017.8009353. |
| 34175891 | Result | Prosser LA, Aguirre MO, Zhao S, Bogen DK, Pierce SR, Nilan KA, Zhang H, Shofer FS, Johnson MJ. Infants at risk for physical disability may be identified by measures of postural control in supine. Pediatr Res. 2022 Apr;91(5):1215-1221. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01617-0. Epub 2021 Jun 26. |
| 33021933 | Result | Chambers C, Seethapathi N, Saluja R, Loeb H, Pierce SR, Bogen DK, Prosser L, Johnson MJ, Kording KP. Computer Vision to Automatically Assess Infant Neuromotor Risk. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020 Nov;28(11):2431-2442. doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2020.3029121. Epub 2020 Nov 6. |
| 37928351 | Result | Kather C, Shofer FS, Park JI, Bogen D, Pierce SR, Kording K, Nilan KA, Zhang H, Prosser LA, Johnson MJ. Quantifying interaction with robotic toys in pre-term and full-term infants. Front Pediatr. 2023 Oct 19;11:1153841. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1153841. eCollection 2023. |
| Participants |
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| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | month |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Description |
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| OG000 | Full-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
| OG001 | Pre-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of average path length per second. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Path Length Per Second - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of path length per minute. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per minute (cm/min) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per minute (cm/min) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per minute (cm/min) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Birth Status) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per minute (cm/min) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - No Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes without a toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Elephant Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with elephant toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Orangutan Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with orangutan toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Center of Pressure, Standard Deviation (Y) - Lion Toy (Motor Control Outcome) | Body movement (center of pressure) on a mat, in terms of standard deviation Y. Early postural control (measured by center of pressure) was investigated to distinguish infants with future impairment in motor control from their typically developing peers. Lower path length is representative of greater postural control. The data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes with lion toy. Path length was measured in distance with time normalized to 1 minute. | 21 excluded from enrolled 36: 7 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to procedural adjustments. 11 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to unusable data (infants either rolled or crawled on the mat, or they were fussy and were not able to be calmed while laying supine without being touched). 3 infants were excluded from Center of Pressure analysis due to technical issues (with the mat on the day of testing). | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | centimeters per second (cm/sec) | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | second (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | seconds (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Grasp/Touch/Kick/Mouth Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent in voluntary motor (feet and hand) interactions with the toy, analyzing grasp/touch/kick/mouth time. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | seconds (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Elephant Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Elephant toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | seconds (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Orangutan Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Orangutan toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | seconds (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
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| Primary | Toy Interaction (Lion Toy) - Gaze Time | Time duration (in seconds) of infant interaction with the Lion toy. Time spent gazing at the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of seconds the infant spent gazing at the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time gazing at the toy. Toy interaction time ranged from 0-120 seconds. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | seconds (s) | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
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| Primary | Number of Occurrences of Elephant Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Elephant toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the elephant toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | occurrences | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Elephant toy |
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| Primary | Number of Occurrences of Orangutan Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Orangutan toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the orangutan toy was suspended within arm reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | occurrences | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Orangutan toy |
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| Primary | Number of Occurrences of Lion Toy Interactions | Frequency of infant interactions with the Lion toy. Frequency of mouthing, grasping, hand touch, foot touch, and kicking with the toy. The data analyzed was the condition where the lion toy was suspended within foot reach above the supine infant for approximately 120 seconds. The median and IQR measure the number of occurrences the infant had interacting with the toy. For numbers that were reported (0,0), those infants had no reaction and spent no time interacting with the toy. | 13 excluded from enrolled 36: 2 infants were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural adjustments. 5 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis due to procedural inconsistencies. 6 were excluded from Toy Interaction analysis from unusable data (infants were either crying or crawling/rolling off the gym). | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | occurrences | 1 session, approximately 120 seconds during session 1 for the Lion toy |
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| Secondary | Wrist Position | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of wrist position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist position were measured. Wrist position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation). 3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data. | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | pixels per normalized trunk length | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Secondary | Ankle Position | Kinematic planar (x, y) representation of ankle position (in l) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm ankle position were measured. Ankle position is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation). 3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data. | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | pixels per normalized trunk length | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Secondary | Wrist Velocity | Kinematic (x, y) representation of wrist movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left arm wrist movement were measured. Wrist movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of arm upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of arm downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation). 3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data. | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | pixels (per trunk length) per second | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| Secondary | Ankle Velocity | Kinematic (x, y) representation of ankle movement (in l/s) based on pose captured from a single camera and through machine learning. Right and left ankle movement were measured. Ankle movement is reported in pixels from the camera data and normalization of data (units of measure is represented as pixels per length of trunk, normalized units with respect to trunk length). A positive value indicates the movement of leg upwards, and a negative value indicates the movement of leg downwards, with respect to the baseline. The camera data analyzed was the condition where infant supine movement on the mat for up to two minutes (without a toy). The camera was in a fixed position above the infant. | 13 full-term, 6 pre-term. 17 excluded from enrolled 36: 5 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to procedural adjustments. 7 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing BINS score data. 2 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to unusable data (infants were sitting during the video, which prevented successful pose estimation). 3 were excluded from wrist/ankle analysis due to missing video data. | Posted | Median | Standard Deviation | pixels (per trunk length) per second | 1 session, about 1 hour in length |
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| 0 |
| 26 |
| 0 |
| 26 |
| 0 |
| 26 |
| EG001 | Pre-Term Infants | Two populations will be involved in testing in the SmarToyGym: 1. Full-term infants (born at a gestational age of > 37 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. 2. Pre-term infants (born at a gestational age < 36 weeks) between 3 months and 11 months of age. Infants were also categorized by typical and atypical (at-risk for neuromotor delay or physical disability) development. SmarToyGym: We aim to develop a SmarToyGym where sensitized, wireless toys are strategically hung and placed within reach of infants to elicit toy-oriented body and arm/hand movements. Each toy will be equipped with sensors capable of measuring the infant's grasping actions such as squeezing, pinching, tilting, etc. A low-cost 3D motion capture system will be used to collect video data and the infants' reaching and body kinematics in response to the toys. A pressure mat will be used to measure postural changes to detect weight shifts, rolling, crawling and other movements away from the initial posture. | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
Not provided
Not provided
| D003147 | Communication Disorders |
| D019954 | Neurobehavioral Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D065886 | Neurodevelopmental Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
| *StdDevY (Pre-Term) |
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