Failure to recruit

Sleep disturbance has been reported in 44-86% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is the source of considerable stress for the affected individual and family. Sleep plays a role in development and learning processes; thus, the appropriate treatment of sleep disturbance is paramount to optimal outcomes. The empirical base for treatments to address sleep in ASD is sparse, despite wide use of pharmacologic agents such as clonidine (CLN) to target sleep disturbance. A randomized, controlled pilot investigation of CLN for sleep disturbance in children with ASD will allow investigators to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a much larger multisite trial to address the general lack of systematic data available to guide practitioners. Subjects will be 16 children, ages 6-14 years, inclusive, with sleep disturbance and ASD. This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled (PBO), parallel groups study will test the efficacy of CLN following a brief sleep hygiene intervention. Outcome measures include: informant completed sleep questionnaires, daytime behavior questionnaires, and actigraphy. Biomarkers for medication response will include galvanic skin response and skin temperature. Side effects will be monitored throughout the study.

Inclusion Criteria:

• outpatients between 6-14 years of age, inclusive, from underserved populations (i.e., Low SES, racial and ethnic minorities, rural populations);

• diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder based on DSM-V criteria and the ATN assessment protocol;

• mental age ≥ 24 months as determined by the Stanford Binet-Fifth Edition (SB-5) or Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) (the child must be of a mental age to understand the BI/SH protocol);

• significant sleep disturbance as determined the CSHQ 33-item Total Score of ≥ 48 and one of the following for the past four weeks by parent interview;

  1. ≥ 30 minutes delayed sleep onset, ≥ 3 times per week
  2. Sleep association problems, ≥ 3 nights per week, child falls asleep in a location other than his/her bed and requires parental intervention to return to his/her bed
  3. Nighttime Awakenings, ≥ 3 times per week, and child disturbs parent or enters into the parents' bedroom.
  4. Early Morning Awakenings, before 5 am ≥ 3 times per week and the child disturbs family members

• CGI Severity rating of ≥ 4 (Moderate) by the independent evaluator for sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance disruption at BL 2;

• care provider who can reliably bring subject to clinic visits and provide trustworthy ratings;

• stable dose of psychotropic medications (for at least 4 weeks with no plans to change over the course of the study);

• anticonvulsant if used for mood lability and it is working well;

• stable dose of exogenous melatonin for at least 4 weeks with no plans to change over the course of the study, as long as Phase II eligibility criteria are met prior to enrollment;

• sleep hygiene education responders who have relapsed and meet the Phase II study eligibility criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

• DSM-V diagnosis of bipolar disorder;
• subjects who are either melatonin naïve or who have not had an adequate trial of exogenous melatonin (defined as 3-5 mg for ≥ 4 weeks);
• seizure disorder/epilepsy;
• significant physical illness (e.g., serious cardiovascular, liver or renal pathology);
• medications specifically given for insomnia;
• pregnancy or sexually-active females without birth control;
• taking supplements or other complementary medical treatments where dose cannot be held at current level for duration of study;
• weight less than 15 kg;
• use of medicines for physical ailments that might interact with CLN or TRZ, such as guanfacine (Tenex, Intuniv), and propranolol (Inderol) or extended release clonidine (Kapvay);
• allergy to CLN or TRZ;
• Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) as defined by a total score of ≥ 3 on the CSHQ SDB subscale and parent report;
• prior adequate trial of CLN for sleep disturbance defined as at least 0.2mg q hs for 1 week;
• prior adequate trial of TRZ for sleep disturbance defined as ≥ 50 mg/day for 1 week;
• hyperthyroidism