Background:

Drug resistant tuberculosis is a serious public health problem that threatens the health of human life and the development of society and economy. At present, the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis mainly depends on traditional drug susceptibility test. But it is limited in Mycobacterium tuberculosis slow growth speed, traditional solid drug sensitivity test usually need to 3 months to results, delay the development of drug resistance in patients with effective treatment. Probe melting curves resistance detection technology is the recent emergence of a new molecular biology and drug resistant tuberculosis detection technology, probe melting curves with different fluorescent labeled probe coverage detection specific to M.tuberculosis drug resistance determining region, through changes in the melting point of the probe hybridization, acquire mutation information of detection region, shorten detection time and detect nonuniform resistance.

In this study, by selecting a nationally representative in different levels of hospitals jointly launched multi center, large sample clinical assessment, completed the comprehensive evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and health economics of drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, especially resistance to multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB patients detection,in order to evaluate the rapid, accurate and economic and appropriate technology of drug resistance pulmonary tuberculosis detection.

In order to accomplish the overall goal of the project, in the framework of the overall design, according to the principles of the core tasks are divided into four sub topics, namely:

Sub topic 1 of the core mission is included in 3100 cases of smear positive pulmonary TB suspicious symptoms, from which selected more than 1000 cases of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients, using MGIT liquid culture and drug sensitivity test as the gold standard,evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of probe melting curves in detction of resistance of four kinds of anti tuberculosis drug to Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sub topic 2 core task is including at least 500 cases of culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and treatment follow-up, using MGIT liquid culture and drug sensitivity test as the gold standard, evaluate the application value of probe melting curves for monitoring spectrum changes of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during pulmonary tuberculosis treatment.

The core mission of sub topic 3 is to project implementation of hospital as the research site,acquire the cost-effect evaluation and analysis by comparing probe melting technology with Mycobacterium tuberculosis MGIT liquid culture, and drug sensitivity test with xpert MTB/RIF technology.

Sub topic 1:Probe melting curve method for the analysis of drug resistance detection technology for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance performance analysis.

Research methods: multi center clinical study. Research object: sputum acid fast staining microscopy positive of pulmonary tuberculosis with suspicious symptoms.

Technical principle and operation method: see attachment.

Entry criteria:

1) during the study of all smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis with suspicious symptoms; 2) can provide 3-4ml sputum samples three times in 2 days; 3) informed consent. Exclusion criteria: the quality of sputum specimen is not qualified (sputum sample is less than 3ml or saliva sputum).

1. sample estimate Method and formula: according to the national tuberculosis drug resistance in the baseline survey results, isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones and streptomycin anti tuberculosis drugs, fluoroquinolones resistance rate is low; using fluoroquinolones detection estimation sample content, can meet the needs of other anti tuberculosis drug resistance rate analysis.
2. observation index: (1) basic information: demographic data, underlying diseases, the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, epidemiological characteristics.

(2) the clinical symptoms and signs: fever, night sweats, cough, sputum and sputum, weight loss, hemoptysis or sputum with blood, chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, height, weight, pulmonary rales.

(3) chest imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan): the specific description of the lesion distribution and morphological characteristics and scoring.

(4) laboratory examination: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood routine test, blood biochemistry (AST, ALT, TP, ALB, BUN, Cr and Glu), C-reactive protein (CRP).

(5) microbiological examination of sputum, sputum acid fast staining microscopy, MGIT liquid culture and drug sensitivity detection, xpert MTB/RIF, probe melting curves technology.

95% confidence intervals, using statistical methods by chi square test and Kappa test.

sub topic 2:the follow up of diagnosis and treatment in application of Probe melting curve method of resistance detection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Research methods: multi center clinical study. Study subjects and sample size: MGIT liquid culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in sub topic 1, to be included in at least 500 cases.

Entry criteria and exclusion criteria: the same as the research sub topic 1.

1 observation index:

1. with the clinical symptom and physical sign of diagnostic node changes: fever, night sweats, cough, sputum and sputum, weight loss, hemoptysis or sputum with blood, chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue, height, weight, pulmonary rales.

2. the changes of chest imaging in the follow up nodes: a detailed description of the image.

3. with the clinical examination of diagnostic node: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood routine test, blood biochemistry (AST, ALT, TP, ALB, BUN, Cr and Glu), C-reactive protein, and so on.

4. with diagnosis node sputum microbiology examination: sputum acid fast staining microscopy, MGIT liquid drug sensitive culture, Xpert-MTB/RIF and probe melting curves.

5. classification of outcomes:

   1. effective: to complete the prescribed course of treatment, sputum culture negative; chest X-ray absorption improvement;
   2. failure: treatment for 6/8 months with smear / culture examination positive and / or radiographic improvement;
   3. non tuberculosis deaths: death due to causes other than tuberculosis;
   4. tuberculosis death: death due to disease progression or complications; (E) shedding: interruption of treatment and follow-up can not be achieved;

   (f) diagnostic change: diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in the treatment process.

6. the change of drug resistance spectrum (a) drug resistance spectrum change: the change of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the course of follow-up; (b) not uniform resistance: refers to the of the results of the original probe melting curve resistance detection technology analysis, it is found that the probe melting curve peak spectrum chart presents the characteristics of two kinds of different genotype.

2.quality control and acceptance: the same research sub topic 1. 3 data statistics and analysis: Probe melting curves,the molecular diagnostic technique in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treatment with statistical methods is the application of diagnosis in the calculated two-sided 95% confidence interval, chi square test and kappa test.

sub topic 3:Probe melting curve technology for the cost-effect analysis in detection of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Methods: using the cost analysis method and the questionnaire. Research object: research project implementation hospital laboratory.

Data collection, statistics and analysis:

1 cost analysis

1. each of the implementation of the following basic data collection and data entry software.

   1. the basic costs: were collected for the implementation of the hospital basic input costs, including laboratory housing area, housing area of the office area, laboratory construction and renovation costs, considering the useful life of housing, the conversion of housing cost per unit time.
   2. laboratory equipment costs: all experimental equipment of the cost in purchasing the new price to calculate and the cost should include all procurement costs associated with, such as transportation, installation; annual collection of major equipment maintenance / repair costs, according to the useful life of the instrument, converted instrument unit time cost.
   3. laboratory management costs: laboratory water, electricity, garbage disposal fees, heating costs, etc.;
   4. personnel costs: laboratory staff wages, including all bonuses and allowances paid to employees; (E) cost of supplies: laboratory, including gloves, laboratory clothing, hats, conventional reagents, such as the unit price;

   (f) the above collection cost input software, as a basis for the implementation of the basic data of the hospital;

2. selection of opportunity cost method, were three projects in the implementation of hospital laboratory independently collected nine laboratory personnel process time, the use of instruments, reagents, consumables and the number of consumption, accurately to the recorded in the tables of statistics in; every collection cost shall cover high, medium and low different sample size, average value of 3 times the amount of sample; will collect the data and time consuming product data entry forms, different batches of cost calculation, will each region three times the cost of taking the average value is real-time fluorescent nucleic acid isothermal amplification detection technique for each detection unit.

3. to analyze the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in different projects, and to calculate the cost of tuberculosis patients in different regions.

2 acceptance survey: the design of the questionnaire, the survey of 3 projects in the implementation of the hospital not less than 10 laboratory technicians. The questionnaire covers the convenience of other methods, the needs of the laboratory, the application prospects and other aspects of the content.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. During the study of all smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis with suspicious symptoms
2. Can provide 3-4ml sputum samples three times in 2 days
3. Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• The quality of the sputum sample is not qualified (the sputum sample is less than 3ml or saliva sputum)

the population of suspected symptoms of tuberculosis with sputum smear microscopy positive