The aim of this study is to improve treatment of Moderate Aplastic Anemia (MAA) by evaluating the safety and efficiency of Eltrombopag as a new treatment option in patients with therapy requiring MAA.

After enrollment (see detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria below) the patients are randomized either to the Placebo or Eltrombopag arm. The randomization is double blinded. Randomization will take in account patient's age and disease severity by stratifying into 4 block combinations to ensure homogeneity between treatment arms. All patients receive background therapy with CSA, regardless of randomisation group, to treat MAA according to current standard of care.

Eltrombopag (or Placebo) is given at a daily starting dose of 150 mg orally as 75 mg tablets once daily (2 tablets Eltrombopag or placebo per day), (Olnes et al NEJM 2012).

In Asian patients Eltrombopag (or Placebo) is given at a daily starting dose of 75 mg orally (1 tablet Eltrombopag or placebo per day). In Asian-Caucasian patients no dose reduction of the starting dose is carried out, but cautious observation of the liver function due to the possibility of altered Eltrombopag metabolism is recommended.

Dose reduction:

In patients without history of thromboembolism or known risk factors for thrombembolism dose reduction (the possibility of an alternating dose schedule is given) is recommended if the platelet count is increasing > 150 G/L.

• Dosage should be decreased to achieve a platelet count between 100 and 150 G/L after reaching a sufficient erythrocyte and granulocyte response (see 10.1).
• If the platelet count decreases below 100 G/L the Eltrombopag dose should be escalated again.
• Eltrombopag should be discontinued if the platelet count exceeds 450 G/L and could be restarted with a lower dose after decrease of the platelet count below 150 G/L.

In patients with history of thromboembolism or known risk factors for thromboembolism (e. g. Factor V Leiden, ATIII deficiency, antiphospholipid syndrome, PNH with GPI-deficient granulocyte population > 50 %, prolonged periods of immobilization, contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy or surgery) dose reduction is recommended if the platelet count is increasing > 100 G/L

• The target platelet count will be 70-120 G/L after reaching a sufficient erythrocyte and granulocyte response (see 10.1).
• If the platelet count decreases below 70 G/L the Eltrombopag dose should be escalated again.
• Eltrombopag should be discontinued in patients with history of and risk factors for thromboembolism if the platelet count exceeds 150 G/L.

Duration of follow up: Last Follow up 24 months after end of study treatment. Patients will receive Eltrombopag or placebo within the study for a minimum of 6 months. Exceptions are patients with disease progression in Severe or Very Severe AA or patients with inacceptable adverse events within the first 6 months.

Eltrombopag will be administered for a maximum period of 12 months within the protocol. Recent data show that the response of hematopoiesis in refractory severe aplastic anemia can be sustained on discontinuation of Eltrombopag25.

As long-term effects of investigational treatments are an objective of the study, the follow-up of patients will cover 24 months after the end of the study treatment according to the protocol

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Current diagnosis of a Moderate Aplastic Anemia requiring standard treatment with CSA without prior specific therapy.

   MAA is defined as Aplastic Anemia fulfilling the following criteria:

   • no evidence for other disease causing marrow failure

   • hypocellular bone marrow for age

   • depression of at least two out of three peripheral blood counts below the normal values:

     • absolute neutrophil count (ANC) < 1.2 G/L and > 0.5 G/l
     • platelet count < 70 G/L
     • absolute reticulocyte count < 60 G/L

   without fulfilling the criteria for SAA (hypocellularity of bone marrow 25 % and depression of two of the three peripheral counts: ANC < 0.5 G/L, platelet count < 20 G/L, reticulocyte count < 20 G/L)

2. In this study need for treatment with CSA is defined as:

2a) transfusion-independent MAA and:

• ANC < 1.0 G/L

• or hemoglobin < 8.5 g/dl and reticulocyte count < 60 G/L

• or platelet count < 30 G/L

• or significant clinical symptoms (infections, bleeding, anemia)

  2b) transfusion-dependent moderate aplastic anemia

• Platelet transfusion dependency is defined as prophylactic transfusion (platelet counts < 10 G/L with no bleeding) or therapeutic transfusion in the 12 weeks prior to study entry

• Red cell transfusion dependency is defined as transfusion of at least 4 units of packed red blood cell concentrates (PRBC) in the 12 weeks prior to study entry

  3) A signed and dated informed consent is necessary before the conduct of any study-specific procedure.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age < 18 years
2. Severe or Very Severe Aplastic Anemia (hypocellularity of bone marrow 25 % and depression of two of the three peripheral counts: ANC < 0.5 G/L, platelet count < 20 G/L, reticulocyte count < 20 G/L)
3. Constitutional aplastic anemia (Fanconi anemia or Dyskeratosis congenita)
4. Clonal myeloid disorders based on cytogenetic findings performed within 12 weeks of study entry. Especially, patients with cytogenetic abnormalities which are recurrent in MDS are not eligible for the study.
5. Bone marrow reticulin fibrosis of grade 3 or greater
6. Severe concurrent diseases precluding the patient's ability to tolerate protocol therapy
7. ALT > 3 times the upper limit of normal if this elevation is progressive, or persistent for 4 weeks, or accompanied by increased direct bilirubin, or accompanied by clinical symptoms of liver injury or evidence for hepatic decompensation
8. Infection not adequately responding to appropriate therapy
9. HIV-positivity (patients with Hepatitis B or Hepatits C-positivity are only in combination with hepatic failure (see criteria 7) excluded)
10. Moribund status with a likely death within 3 months
11. History of malignancy other than localized tumors diagnosed more than one year previously and treated surgically with curative intent (for instance squamous cell or other skin cancers, stage 1, breast cancer in situ, cervical carcinoma in situ...).
12. Prior specific treatment of Aplastic Anemia with immunosuppression or androgens or interleukin2-receptor-antibodies. The use of these drugs in context of other disorders before diagnosis of aplastic anemia is not an exclusion criteria if these treatments were finished longer than 6 months before study entry.
13. Treatment with other hematological effective drugs (including erythropoetin) within 3 months before study entry as well as treatment with corticosteroids and G-CSF within 3 weeks before enrollment
14. Known hypersensitivity to Eltrombopag or its components
15. Known hypersensitivity to Ciclosporin
16. Current nursing, pregnancy, or unwillingness to take oral contraceptives or use a barrier method of birth control to refrain from pregnancy as well as a missing or positive pregnancy test within the last 14 days before inclusion for women with childbearing potential during the course of this study.
17. Inability to understand the investigational nature of the study or to give informed consent.
18. Renal failure with creatinine > 2× upper limit of normal.
19. Uncontrolled hypertension
20. Participation in any study using an investigational drug or treatment with an investigational drug within 30 days preceding the first dose of study medication