The purpose of this study is to examine anhedonia as a potential moderator of treatment outcomes for Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Specifically, this study will investigate how anhedonia affects outcomes in contingency management (CM) treatment for CUD and whether anhedonia mediates the effects of adjunctive treatment with a dopaminergic (DAergic) drug, d-amphetamine, on outcomes in CM for CUD, as well as investigate the contribution of anhedonia to overall CUD severity.

Recent research suggests that anhedonia is a key neurobehavioral dysfunction in Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) that contributes to treatment outcomes. Anhedonia, defined here as lack of interest or pleasure in non-drug rewards, is frequently found in CUD and is related to neural deficits, such as low striatal dopamine and deficient activation to non-drug rewards in mesocortical circuits. Interestingly, not all individuals in CUD have these deficits. Preliminary data suggests that the presence of self-reported anhedonia predicts worse outcome in contingency management (CM) treatment of CUD. Moreover, low baseline dopamine predicts failure to attain abstinence in CM while medications that enhance DA increase CM success rates and responsiveness to rewards.

This study specifically aims to test the contribution of anhedonia to overall CUD severity, the relationship of anhedonia to outcomes in CM treatment, and the mediating role of anhedonia in medication enhancement of CM in CUD. To accomplish these aims, individuals with CUD will be enrolled and will undergo 4 weeks of intensive CM treatment, either with or without treatment with the dopaminergic drug, d-amphetamine. A medication only group will be included to solely measure the effects of d-amphetamine. Anhedonia will be assessed using multi-modal subjective, psychophysiological and behavioral measures of reward functioning at baseline, and each week of treatment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measures of reward functioning will also be taken at baseline and week 4 in a subset of participants (n = 24)

Inclusion Criteria:

• be between 18 and 60 years of age
• meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual V (DSM-5) criteria for current cocaine use disorder of at least moderate severity (≥ 4 symptoms)
• have at least 1 cocaine positive urine sample during the baseline screening period
• be in acceptable health on the basis of interview, medical history and physical exam, per the judgment of our study physician
• be able to understand the consent form and provide written informed consent
• be able to provide the names of at least 2 persons who can generally locate their whereabouts.
• if female, agree to use an acceptable method of birth control during study (surgical sterilization, approved hormonal contraceptives, barrier methods with spermicide, or intrauterine device).

Exclusion Criteria:

• current DSM-5 diagnosis for substance use disorder of least moderate severity (≥ 4 symptoms), other than cocaine, nicotine, marijuana, or alcohol
• Physical dependence on alcohol requiring medically supervised detoxification, in the judgment of the study physician
• current amphetamine use (by self-report in past 30 days or positive urine drug screen), more than 50 lifetime uses of amphetamine, or history of DSM-5 Amphetamine Use Disorder
• a current DSM-5 axis I psychiatric disorder or neurological disease or disorder requiring ongoing treatment and/or making study participation unsafe
• significant current suicidal or homicidal ideation
• medical conditions contraindicating d-amphetamine (e.g., significant cardiovascular disease, liver or kidney disease, seizure disorder, hypotension or hypertension)
• taking medications known to have effects on the central nervous system or that could cause significant drug interactions with d-amphetamine (e.g., clonidine, prazosin)
• having conditions of probation or parole requiring reports of drug use to officers of the court
• impending incarceration
• pregnant or nursing for female patients
• inability to read, write, or speak English

Additional Exclusion Criteria for the functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) Sub-Study (in addition to all listed criteria above for the Main Treatment Study):

• body mass index (BMI) >30, as this may be incompatible with the magnetic resonance scanner gantry
• any retained metals in the body, including implants and metallic substances (e.g. aneurysm clips, retained metal particles in metal workers, magnetic dental implants, ferromagnetic ocular implants, iron-based facial tattoos), as this may cause adverse effects to participants and interfere with data collection in the MR magnetic field
• inability to tolerate small, enclosed spaces (such as the magnetic resonance scanner bore)

All the individual participant data collected in the trial will be made available after deidentification via signed data use agreement. The study protocol and data analysis plan will also be made available.

Data will be made available beginning immediately and for 3 years following the last publication from this data

Data will be made available to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal, and to achieve the aims in the approved proposal. Proposals should be directed to mwardle@uic.edu. To gain access, data requestors will need to sign a data access agreement that will provide that the data be used solely for research and that no individuals will be identified in any manner, that data will be secured by appropriate electronic safeguards, and that once data analysis is complete, the data will be returned or destroyed. After the agreement is signed the PI will provide the necessary data to achieve proposal aims via an agreed-upon electronic method (e.g. Box Drive, university e-mail etc.)

7 weeks

1. Due to recruitment issues during COVID-19 pandemic trial was terminated early (57 out of a planned 80 participants enrolled)
2. Due to complications from PI move and COVID, functional magnetic resonance imaging sub-study was never initiated.
3. During COVID-19 pandemic zygomatic muscle readings were not collected, as this would have required participants to remove masks