Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled. The usual discrete intervals are 25%, 50% and 75%, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%).Predicted normal values for FEF depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on assessment by pulmonary function test and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR in liter(L)/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per second (L/sec).when measured as part of spirometry.The normal range 500-700 L/sec In men, for women, the normal range is 380-500 L/sec.higher scores mean a better outcome.

Inspiratory muscle strength as assessed by Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP, cmH2O).The MIP is a measure of inspiratory muscle strength produced by a sub-atmospheric pressure The normal.range of MIP in elderly people approximately 60 cm H2O for men and 40 cm H2O for women .An absolute MIP value of < - 40 cm H2O is always abnormal,and higher scores was mean a better outcome.

The Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles.(MEP, cmH2O) .MEP is a supra-atmospheric pressure which can be developed in an effort of the abdominal and intercostal muscles.Expiratory muscle strength assesses extrathoracic muscle health.An absolute MEP value of < 80 cmH2O is always abnormal, and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Dyspnea score as assessed by Modified Borg score, The literature review clearly showed that the Modified Borg score was a valid and reliable tool when used in pulmonary medicine and in exercise physiology studies.The scale used was perceived exertion adapted to be appropriate for measuring dyspnea. This consisted of a vertical scale labelled 0-10, with corresponding verbal expressions of progressively increasing perceived sensation intensity. It starts at number 0 that mean breathing is no difficulty at all and progresses through to number 10 that mean breathing difficulty is maximal.so higher scores mean a worse outcome

Lung expansion capacity as assessed by incentive spirometry with the flow-oriented device( Triflow II,volume × seconds) (ml).Incentive spirometry that feedback respiratory training can improve respiratory function, endurance for exercise capacity,Wide flow rate range from 600 - 1200(volume × seconds) (ml).higher scores mean a better outcome.

Pulmonary complication as assessed by Chest X-ray.pneumonia.lung collapse.atelectasis.emphysema and pleural effusion were collected.some patients have two pulmonary complications at the same time, such as emphysem and infiltration, so the total number is not necessarily equal to 18.

Forced vital capacity (FVC in (liter(L)/sec)) assessment by pulmonary function test.Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 from 4.5-3.5 (liter(L)/sec),and for females from 3.25-2.5 (liter(L)/sec) ,and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

The Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second parameter measures the volume of air that was exhaled into the mouthpiece in the first second after a full inhalation. The Measured column represents the total volume exhaled during the first second, in liters. Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 4.5 to 3.5 liters, and normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.25 to 2.5 liters. The Predicted column compares the actual volume breathed out during the first second of your test to an average of the normal volume breathed out in 1 second for a person of the same gender, height, and age. This value is expressed as a percentage, with normal test values being between 80% and 120% of the average (predicted) values.and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled. The usual discrete intervals are 25%, 50% and 75%, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%).Predicted normal values for FEF depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on assessment by pulmonary function test and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR in liter(L)/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per second (L/sec).when measured as part of spirometry.The normal range 500-700 L/sec In men, for women, the normal range is 380-500 L/sec.higher scores mean a better outcome.

Inspiratory muscle strength as assessed by Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP, cmH2O).The MIP is a measure of inspiratory muscle strength produced by a sub-atmospheric pressure The normal.range of MIP in elderly people approximately 60 cm H2O for men and 40 cm H2O for women .An absolute MIP value of < - 40 cm H2O is always abnormal,and higher scores was mean a better outcome.

The Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP,cmH2O) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles.(MEP, cmH2O) .MEP is a supra-atmospheric pressure which can be developed in an effort of the abdominal and intercostal muscles.Expiratory muscle strength assesses extrathoracic muscle health.An absolute MEP value of < 80 cm H2O is always abnormal, and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Dyspnea score as assessed by Modified Borg score, The literature review clearly showed that the Modified Borg score was a valid and reliable tool when used in pulmonary medicine and in exercise physiology studies.The scale used was perceived exertion adapted to be appropriate for measuring dyspnea. This consisted of a vertical scale labelled 0-10, with corresponding verbal expressions of progressively increasing perceived sensation intensity. It starts at number 0 that mean breathing is no difficulty at all and progresses through to number 10 that mean breathing difficulty is maximal.so higher scores mean a worse outcome

Lung expansion capacity as assessed by incentive spirometry with the flow-oriented device( Triflow II,volume × seconds) (ml)).Incentive spirometry that feedback respiratory training can improve respiratory function, endurance for exercise capacity,Wide flow rate range from 600 - 1200(volume × seconds) (mL)c.higher scores mean a better outcome.

Pulmonary complication as assessed by Chest X-ray.pneumonia.lung collapse.atelectasis.emphysema and pleural effusion were collected.In our research,some patients have two pulmonary complications at the same time, such as emphysem and infiltration, so the total number is not necessarily equal to 18.

Forced vital capacity (FVC in (liter(L)/sec)) assessment by pulmonary function test.Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 from 4.5-3.5 (liter(L)/sec),and for females from 3.25-2.5 (liter(L)/sec) ,and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

The Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second parameter(FEV1,liter(L)/sec) measures the volume of air that was exhaled into the mouthpiece in the first second after a full inhalation. The Measured column represents the total volume exhaled during the first second, in liters. Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 4.5 to 3.5 liters, and normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.25 to 2.5 liters. The Predicted column compares the actual volume breathed out during the first second of your test to an average of the normal volume breathed out in 1 second for a person of the same gender, height, and age. This value is expressed as a percentage, with normal test values being between 80% and 120% of the average (predicted) values.and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled. The usual discrete intervals are 25%, 50% and 75%, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%).Predicted normal values for FEF depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on assessment by pulmonary function test and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR in liter(L)/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per second (L/sec).when measured as part of spirometry.The normal range 500-700 L/sec In men, for women, the normal range is 380-500 L/sec.higher scores mean a better outcome.

Inspiratory muscle strength as assessed by Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP, cmH2O).The MIP is a measure of inspiratory muscle strength produced by a sub-atmospheric pressure The normal.range of MIP in elderly people approximately 60 cm H2O for men and 40 cm H2O for women .An absolute MIP value of < - 40 cm H2O is always abnormal,and higher scores was mean a better outcome.

The Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP,cmH2O) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles.(MEP, cmH2O) .MEP is a supra-atmospheric pressure which can be developed in an effort of the abdominal and intercostal muscles.Expiratory muscle strength assesses extrathoracic muscle health.An absolute MEP value of < 80 cm H2O is always abnormal, and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Dyspnea score as assessed by Modified Borg score, The literature review clearly showed that the Modified Borg score was a valid and reliable tool when used in pulmonary medicine and in exercise physiology studies.The scale used was perceived exertion adapted to be appropriate for measuring dyspnea. This consisted of a vertical scale labelled 0-10, with corresponding verbal expressions of progressively increasing perceived sensation intensity. It starts at number 0 that mean breathing is no difficulty at all and progresses through to number 10 that mean breathing difficulty is maximal.so higher scores mean a worse outcome

Lung expansion capacity as assessed by incentive spirometry with the flow-oriented device( Triflow II,volume × seconds) (ml)).Incentive spirometry that feedback respiratory training can improve respiratory function, endurance for exercise capacity,Wide flow rate range from 600 - 1200(volume × seconds) (mL)c.higher scores mean a better outcome.

Pulmonary complication as assessed by Chest X-ray.pneumonia.lung collapse.atelectasis.emphysema and pleural effusion were collected.some patients have two pulmonary complications at the same time, such as emphysem and infiltration, so the total number is not necessarily equal to 18.

The control group received pain medication and usual care.

Total of all reporting groups

Pearson chi-square test was used for sex,deta is presented as either n(%) or mean +-SD

Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.

enrolled a total of 36 older patients with lung tumors after thoracoscopic surgery in the cardiothoracic and vascular ordinary ward in Taiwan

Student's t-test was used for Body Mass Index .Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Student's t-test was used for body weight. Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Pearson chi-square test was used for sex. comorbidities and smoking, Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Student's t-test was used for total hospital days, Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD

Student's t-test was used for FVC .Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Measure Description: Student's t-test was used for FEV1/FVC(%).Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.The FEV1/FVC ratio is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease. It represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration (FEV1) to the full, forced vital capacity (FVC) The result of this ratio is expressed as FEV1%.Normal values are approximately 75%.values less than 0.70 are suggestive of airflow limitation with an obstructive pattern

Student's t-test was used for Modified Borg score .Data is presented as mean ± SD.Scores on a scale that ranges from 1 to 10,Larger numbers indicate more severe breathing difficulties,the opposite is the smaller the number, the lower the dyspnea is

Student's t-test was used for MIP/MEP Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Student's t-test was used for MIP/MEP Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Lung capacity measure by incentive spirometry (Triflow) , The flow-oriented incentive spirometer (Triflow device) consists of three chambers in series, each of which contains a ball.An inspiratory flow of 600 mL/sec is required to raise the first ball, an inspiratory flow of 900 mL/sec is required to elevate the first and second balls, and a flow of 1200 mL/sec is required to elevate all three balls.The time of the ball stays longer was mean the better lung capacity

The 6MWT is a useful measure of functional capacity targeted at people with at least moderately severe impairment. The test has been widely used for preoperative and postoperative evaluation and for measuring the response to therapeutic interventions for pulmonary and cardiac disease.In healthy subjects, the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) ranges from 400 to 700 m, the main predictor variables being gender, age and height.The longer distance was mean the better functional capacity ability,<250 m does predict poorer outcome

Student's t-test was used for Anesthesia time

Student's t-test was used for ASA score. Data is presented as mean ± SD.Scores on a scale that ranges from 1 to 6. ASA 1: A normal healthy patient. ASA 2: A patient with a mild systemic disease. ASA 3: A patient with a severe systemic disease that is not life-threatening. ASA 4: A patient with a severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life. ASA 5: A moribund patient who is not expected to survive without the operation. ASA 6: A brain-dead patient whose organs are being removed with the intention of transplanting them into another patient.

Student's t-test was used for Surgery time , Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Student's t-test was used for Chest tube placement time, Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Pearson chi-square test was used for surgery site. Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD. Some patients have operation two lobes at the same time, so the total is not necessarily equal to 18.

Pearson chi-square test was used for postoperative diagnosis.Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.

Pearson chi-square test was used postoperative stages of lung cancer. Surgery time and Chest tube placement time, Data is presented as either n(%) or mean ± SD.StageI:Cancer may be present in the underlying lung tissues, but the lymph nodes remain unaffected. StageII:The cancer may have spread to nearby lymph nodes or into the chest wall.StageIII:The cancer is continuing to spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or to nearby structures and organs.Stage IV: the cancer has metastasized, or spread, beyond the lungs into other areas of the body,the last stages of cancer means the more serious

Each subject received six-min walking distance assessments at discharge 2 weeks after discharge

Exercise capacity as assessed by 6 min walking test(M).The 6-min walk test (6 MWT) is a submaximal exercise test that entails measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 minutes. The 6-minute walk distance (6 MWD) provides a measure for integrated global response of multiple cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal systems involved in exercise . The 6 MWT provides information regarding functional capacity, response to therapy and prognosis across a broad range of chronic cardiopulmonary conditions .The normal range in aged patients 60-69 y(male 572 m,female 538 M),70-79 y(male 527 m,female 471 M),80-89 y(male 417 m,female 392 M)higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for exercise capacity. For group comparisons, an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the 6-min walking distance.

Exercise capacity as assessed by 6 min walking test(M).The 6-min walk test (6 MWT) is a submaximal exercise test that entails measurement of distance walked over a span of 6 minutes. The 6-minute walk distance (6 MWD) provides a measure for integrated global response of multiple cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal systems involved in exercise . The 6 MWT provides information regarding functional capacity, response to therapy and prognosis across a broad range of chronic cardiopulmonary conditions .The normal range in aged patients 60-69 y(male 572 m,female 538 M),70-79 y(male 527 m,female 471 M),80-89 y(male 417 m,female 392 M).higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for exercise capacity. For group comparisons, an intention-to-treat analysis was performed. group × time interactions were observed for the 6-min walking distance.

Forced vital capacity (FVC in L/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 from 4.5-3.5 L/sec,and for females from 3.25-2.5 L/sec ,and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

The Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second parameter measures the volume of air that was exhaled into the mouthpiece in the first second after a full inhalation. The Measured column represents the total volume exhaled during the first second, in liters. Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 4.5 to 3.5 liters, and normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.25 to 2.5 liters. The Predicted column compares the actual volume breathed out during the first second of your test to an average of the normal volume breathed out in 1 second for a person of the same gender, height, and age. This value is expressed as a percentage, with normal test values being between 80% and 120% of the average (predicted) values.and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled. The usual discrete intervals are 25%, 50% and 75%, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%).Predicted normal values for FEF depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on assessment by pulmonary function test and higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR in liter(L)/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per second (L/sec).when measured as part of spirometry.The normal range 500-700 L/sec In men, for women, the normal range is 380-500 L/sec.higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Inspiratory muscle strength as assessed by Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP, cmH2O).The MIP is a measure of inspiratory muscle strength produced by a sub-atmospheric pressure The normal.range of MIP in elderly people approximately 60 cm H2O for men and 40 cm H2O for women .An absolute MIP value of < - 40 cm H2O is always abnormal,and higher scores was mean a better outcome.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for MIP. For group comparisons, an intention-to-treat analysis was performed. group × time interactions were observed for the MIP

The Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles.(MEP, cmH2O) .MEP is a supra-atmospheric pressure which can be developed in an effort of the abdominal and intercostal muscles.Expiratory muscle strength assesses extrathoracic muscle health.An absolute MEP value of < 80 cmH2O is always abnormal, and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for MEP. an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the MEP

Dyspnea score as assessed by Modified Borg score, The literature review clearly showed that the Modified Borg score was a valid and reliable tool when used in pulmonary medicine and in exercise physiology studies.The scale used was perceived exertion adapted to be appropriate for measuring dyspnea. This consisted of a vertical scale labelled 0-10, with corresponding verbal expressions of progressively increasing perceived sensation intensity. It starts at number 0 that mean breathing is no difficulty at all and progresses through to number 10 that mean breathing difficulty is maximal.so higher scores mean a worse outcome

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for Modified Borg score.an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the Modified Borg score

Lung expansion capacity as assessed by incentive spirometry with the flow-oriented device( Triflow II,volume × seconds) (ml).Incentive spirometry that feedback respiratory training can improve respiratory function, endurance for exercise capacity,Wide flow rate range from 600 - 1200(volume × seconds) (ml).higher scores mean a better outcome.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for Lung expansion capacity. an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the Lung expansion capacity.

Pulmonary complication as assessed by Chest X-ray.pneumonia.lung collapse.atelectasis.emphysema and pleural effusion were collected.some patients have two pulmonary complications at the same time, such as emphysem and infiltration, so the total number is not necessarily equal to 18.

Pearson chi-square test was used for Pulmonary complication on discharge 2 weeks .Data is presented as either n(%).

Forced vital capacity (FVC in (liter(L)/sec)) assessment by pulmonary function test.Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 from 4.5-3.5 (liter(L)/sec),and for females from 3.25-2.5 (liter(L)/sec) ,and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

The Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second parameter measures the volume of air that was exhaled into the mouthpiece in the first second after a full inhalation. The Measured column represents the total volume exhaled during the first second, in liters. Normal values in healthy males aged 20-60 range from 4.5 to 3.5 liters, and normal values for females aged 20-60 range from 3.25 to 2.5 liters. The Predicted column compares the actual volume breathed out during the first second of your test to an average of the normal volume breathed out in 1 second for a person of the same gender, height, and age. This value is expressed as a percentage, with normal test values being between 80% and 120% of the average (predicted) values.and whether higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Forced expiratory flow (FEF) is the flow (or speed) of air coming out of the lung during the middle portion of a forced expiration. It can be given at discrete times, generally defined by what fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) has been exhaled. The usual discrete intervals are 25%, 50% and 75%, usually 25-75% (FEF25-75%).Predicted normal values for FEF depend on age, sex, height, mass and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based on assessment by pulmonary function test and higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR in liter(L)/sec) assessment by pulmonary function test.It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. Peak expiratory flow is typically measured in units of liters per second (L/sec).when measured as part of spirometry.The normal range 500-700 L/sec In men, for women, the normal range is 380-500 L/sec.higher scores mean a better outcome.

2-WAY repeated measures ANOVA method was used for pulmonary function test.

Inspiratory muscle strength as assessed by Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP, cmH2O).The MIP is a measure of inspiratory muscle strength produced by a sub-atmospheric pressure The normal.range of MIP in elderly people approximately 60 cm H2O for men and 40 cm H2O for women .An absolute MIP value of < - 40 cm H2O is always abnormal,and higher scores was mean a better outcome.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for MIP. an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the MIP

The Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP,cmH2O) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles.(MEP, cmH2O) .MEP is a supra-atmospheric pressure which can be developed in an effort of the abdominal and intercostal muscles.Expiratory muscle strength assesses extrathoracic muscle health.An absolute MEP value of < 80 cm H2O is always abnormal, and higher scores mean a better outcome.

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for MEP. an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the MEP

Dyspnea score as assessed by Modified Borg score, The literature review clearly showed that the Modified Borg score was a valid and reliable tool when used in pulmonary medicine and in exercise physiology studies.The scale used was perceived exertion adapted to be appropriate for measuring dyspnea. This consisted of a vertical scale labelled 0-10, with corresponding verbal expressions of progressively increasing perceived sensation intensity. It starts at number 0 that mean breathing is no difficulty at all and progresses through to number 10 that mean breathing difficulty is maximal.so higher scores mean a worse outcome

Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for Modified Borg score.an intention-to-treat analysis was performed.group × time interactions were observed for the Modified Borg score

Lung expansion capacity as assessed by incentive spirometry with the flow-oriented device( Triflow II,volume × seconds) (ml)).Incentive spirometry that feedback respiratory training can improve respiratory function, endurance for exercise capacity,Wide flow rate range from 600 - 1200(volume × seconds) (mL)c.higher scores mean a better outcome.