Self-reported healthy participants (n=150) aged 30-65 years with 18.5 kg/m^2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m^2 were randomly assigned into three groups: a low linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) group (n=50) replaced 10 mL soy oil with one apple; a medium LA group (control group, n=50) maintained usual food intake; a high LA group (n=50) reduced 1/3 cup of cooked refined rice and consumed 9.9g of soy oil capsules daily as a supplement. Plasma fatty acids and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity were measured at baseline and 8 week alongside other cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 30 to 65 years at beginning of study
• Subjects with BMI 18.5 to 30 kg/m^2

Exclusion Criteria:

• Use of any medication or supplements that alter lipid metabolism.
• Presence of dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, liver disease, renal disease, chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, cerebrovascular disease, pancreatitis or cancer.
• Women who pregnant or lactating.
• Drug or alcohol abuse.