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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Weissenau, Centre for Psychiatry in South-Württemberg, Germany | UNKNOWN |
| Josefinum, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Augsburg, Germany | UNKNOWN |
| Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA |
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of the group-based intervention 'Honest Open Proud' among adolescents with mental illness.
Both due to fear of public stigma and due to self-stigma or shame, people with mental illness may decide to keep their condition a secret or even to withdraw from other people altogether in order to minimise the risk of being labelled. Secrecy can help on the short term to protect individuals from public stigma, but often it has negative long-term consequences such as social isolation, distress and unemployment. Disclosure, on the other hand, carries the risk to be discriminated by others, but can reduce the burden of secrecy, lead to support by others and reduce public stigma. In this study investigators aim to evaluate whether a group program run both by people with mental illness (peers) and professionals helps to reduce self-stigma and makes it easier for adolescents to handle the necessary choices related to secrecy versus disclosure.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Honest Open Proud | Experimental | The group program is about disclosure ('coming out') versus secrecy of one's mental illness. The groups are facilitated by peers (young adults with mental illness) and mental health professionals. Each group runs for three weeks, one meeting per week, and two hours per meeting. Fidelity to manual: rated by PhD student in each session as proportion of key topics covered |
|
| Control Group | No Intervention | treatment as usual (TAU) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Honest Open Proud (HOP) | Behavioral | five lessons in three modules, two for each two-hour session
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stigma Stress Scale, 8 items (Rüsch, Corrigan, Wassel et al., 2009; Rüsch, Corrigan, Powell et al., 2009) | 3 weeks (T1) | |
| Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire KIDSCREEN-10 Index, 10 items (Deighton et al., 2014; Ravens-Sieberer et al., 2010) | 6 weeks (T2) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction with intervention questionnaire (according to Keller, Konopka, Fegert, & Naumann, 2003; own development) | 3 weeks | |
| Empowerment Scale, Subscales 'self-esteem' and 'control over the future', 13 items (Rogers, Chamberlin, Ellison, & Crean, 1997) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), 15 items (Meyer & Hautzinger, 2001) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks | |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Subscale 'peer relationship problems', 5 items (Goodman, 2001) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Nicolas Rüsch, Professor | Department of Psychiatry II, Section Public Mental Health, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Germany | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illinois Institute of Technology | Chicago | Illinois | United States | |||
| Josefinum, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20227768 | Background | Andresen R, Caputi P, Oades LG. Do clinical outcome measures assess consumer-defined recovery? Psychiatry Res. 2010 May 30;177(3):309-17. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.02.013. Epub 2010 Mar 15. | |
| 24660946 | Background | Boyd JE, Otilingam PG, Deforge BR. Brief version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2014 Mar;37(1):17-23. doi: 10.1037/prj0000035. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
| D057545 | Social Stigma |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012919 | Social Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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|
| baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Attitudes to disclosure, 2 items (Rüsch, Evans-Lacko, Henderson, Flach, & Thornicroft, 2011) | 2 items on attitudes to disclosure, adapted from a UK Dept of Health survey (see above Rüsch et al 2011 reference for further details) with seven-point Likert scale | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Disclosure Distress, 1 item ("In general, how distressed or worried are you in terms of secrecy or disclosure of your mental illness to others?', from 1, not at all, to 7, very much) (Rüsch et al., 2014a) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Shame about having a mental illness, 1 item ("Do you feel ashamed about having a mental illness?"; from 1, not at all, to 7, very much) (Rüsch et al., 2014b) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| General Help-Seeking Questionnaire, 1 item (Wilson et al., 2005) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), 4-item short version (Yip, Paul S F & Cheung, 2006) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (SSMIS), Subscale 'self-concurrence', 5 items (Corrigan et al., 2012; Rüsch et al., 2006) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Self-Identified Stage of Recovery (SISR), 5 items (Andresen, Caputi, & Oades, 2010) | brief self-rated assessment of stage of recovery; consists of two parts (A & B): Part A reflects five statements about stages of recovery, participants have to choose one that best reflects their current experience. Part B consists of four statements reflecting recovery processes, rated on a six-point Likert scale | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Internalised Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory (ISMI), 10-item short version (Boyd, Otilingam, & Deforge, 2014) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Social withdrawal and secrecy, 12 item-short version (Link et al., 2009) | baseline, 3 and 6 weeks |
| Augsburg |
| Germany |
| Department of Psychiatry II, Section Public Mental Health, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg | Ulm | 89073 | Germany |
| Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm | Ulm | Germany |
| Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Weissenau, Centre for Psychiatry in South-Württemberg | Weißenau | Germany |
| 22578819 | Background | Corrigan PW, Michaels PJ, Vega E, Gause M, Watson AC, Rusch N. Self-stigma of mental illness scale--short form: reliability and validity. Psychiatry Res. 2012 Aug 30;199(1):65-9. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.009. Epub 2012 May 10. |
| 24834111 | Background | Deighton J, Croudace T, Fonagy P, Brown J, Patalay P, Wolpert M. Measuring mental health and wellbeing outcomes for children and adolescents to inform practice and policy: a review of child self-report measures. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2014 Apr 29;8:14. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-8-14. eCollection 2014. |
| 20668950 | Background | Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Rajmil L, Herdman M, Auquier P, Bruil J, Power M, Duer W, Abel T, Czemy L, Mazur J, Czimbalmos A, Tountas Y, Hagquist C, Kilroe J; European KIDSCREEN Group. Reliability, construct and criterion validity of the KIDSCREEN-10 score: a short measure for children and adolescents' well-being and health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res. 2010 Dec;19(10):1487-500. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9706-5. Epub 2010 Jul 30. |
| 9255837 | Background | Rogers ES, Chamberlin J, Ellison ML, Crean T. A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatr Serv. 1997 Aug;48(8):1042-7. doi: 10.1176/ps.48.8.1042. |
| 24382666 | Background | Rusch N, Corrigan PW, Heekeren K, Theodoridou A, Dvorsky D, Metzler S, Muller M, Walitza S, Rossler W. Well-being among persons at risk of psychosis: the role of self-labeling, shame, and stigma stress. Psychiatr Serv. 2014 Apr 1;65(4):483-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300169. |
| 19237266 | Background | Rusch N, Corrigan PW, Powell K, Rajah A, Olschewski M, Wilkniss S, Batia K. A stress-coping model of mental illness stigma: II. Emotional stress responses, coping behavior and outcome. Schizophr Res. 2009 May;110(1-3):65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.005. Epub 2009 Feb 23. |
| 19269140 | Background | Rusch N, Corrigan PW, Wassel A, Michaels P, Olschewski M, Wilkniss S, Batia K. A stress-coping model of mental illness stigma: I. Predictors of cognitive stress appraisal. Schizophr Res. 2009 May;110(1-3):59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.006. Epub 2009 Mar 6. |
| 21632739 | Background | Rusch N, Evans-Lacko SE, Henderson C, Flach C, Thornicroft G. Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of intentions to seek help for and disclose a mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2011 Jun;62(6):675-8. doi: 10.1176/ps.62.6.pss6206_0675. |
| 17041289 | Background | Rusch N, Holzer A, Hermann C, Schramm E, Jacob GA, Bohus M, Lieb K, Corrigan PW. Self-stigma in women with borderline personality disorder and women with social phobia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Oct;194(10):766-73. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000239898.48701.dc. |
| Background | Wilson, CJ, Deane, FP, Ciarrochi, J, Rickwood, D. Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of General Help-Seeking Questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39(1), 15-28, 2005. |
| 16509984 | Background | Yip PS, Cheung YB. Quick assessment of hopelessness: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Mar 1;4:13. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-4-13. |
| Background | Keller, F, Konopka, L, Fegert, JM, Naumann, A . Prozessaspekte der Zufriedenheit von Jugendlichen in stationär-psychiatrischer Behandlung [Patient satisfaction of adolescents during in-patient psychiatric treatment: a process-oriented approach]. Nervenheilkunde 22: 40-46, 2003. |
| 11699809 | Background | Goodman R. Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;40(11):1337-45. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015. |
| Background | Meyer, TD, & Hautzinger, M. Allgemeine Depressions-Skala (ADS) [Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D) - Norms for adolescents and extension for the assessment of manic symptoms]. Diagnostica, 47(4): 208-215, 2001. |
| 24434073 | Background | Rusch N, Abbruzzese E, Hagedorn E, Hartenhauer D, Kaufmann I, Curschellas J, Ventling S, Zuaboni G, Bridler R, Olschewski M, Kawohl W, Rossler W, Kleim B, Corrigan PW. Efficacy of Coming Out Proud to reduce stigma's impact among people with mental illness: pilot randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(5):391-7. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135772. Epub 2014 Jan 16. |
| 29205343 | Derived | Mulfinger N, Muller S, Boge I, Sakar V, Corrigan PW, Evans-Lacko S, Nehf L, Djamali J, Samarelli A, Kempter M, Ruckes C, Libal G, Oexle N, Noterdaeme M, Rusch N. Honest, Open, Proud for adolescents with mental illness: pilot randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018 Jun;59(6):684-691. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12853. Epub 2017 Dec 5. |