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The main goal of this study was to compare the effect of a one-session unsupported Internet intervention on participants' clinical symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and related variables (mood, confidence and motivation).
The main goal of this study was to compare the effect of a one-session unsupported Internet intervention on participants' clinical symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms) and related variables (mood, confidence and motivation).
Method: A total of 765 adults residing in the United States took part in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to one of five brief plain text interventions lasting five to ten minutes. The interventions designed to address depressive symptoms were: Thoughts (increasing helpful thoughts), Activities (increasing activity level), Sleep Hygiene, Assertiveness (increasing assertiveness awareness), Own Methods (utilizing methods that were previously successful). They were followed-up one week after consenting.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thoughts. | Experimental | Increasing helpful thoughts consisted of two psychoeducational segments (i.e., thoughts affect emotions, and how to manage harmful thoughts), and a list of "helpful thoughts" that participants could choose to use to increase their mood for the next week |
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| Activities. | Experimental | Increasing activity level included a brief description of how activities affect mood. Participants were then asked to choose the activities they could use to improve their mood from an available list of "helpful activities"; users were also able to generate their own helpful activities. Participants were also presented with examples of unhelpful activities such as staying in bed and being isolated. |
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| Assertiveness | Experimental | Increasing assertiveness, consisting of tips for communicating assertively, and an example of an assertive statement. Participants were asked to describe a recent conflict and apply the intervention's assertiveness techniques to address the conflict |
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| Sleep hygiene | Experimental | Increasing sleep hygiene included a description on how sleep can affect mood. Participants were also asked to select from a list of helpful sleep hygiene suggestions to be practiced within the next week such as, "Don't take naps during the day" and "Use the bed/bedroom for sleep or sex only". |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thoughts | Behavioral | Thoughts. Increasing helpful thoughts consisted of two psychoeducational segments (i.e., thoughts affect emotions, and how to manage harmful thoughts), and a list of "helpful thoughts" that participants could choose to use to increase their mood for the next week. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002) scores | Which is a widely used 10-item measure that screens for a presence of a major depressive episode as well as assesses the severity of depressive symptomatology over a 2-week period. | Baseline - 1 week follow-up |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| mood- Likert-type question | How would you describe your mood in the last 2 weeks? and had responses ranging from 0 = Extremely Negative to 9 = Extremely Positive | Baseline - 10 minutes after the intervention - 1 week follow-up |
| Motivation - Likert-type question |
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Inclusion Criteria:
- most be U.S. citizens
Exclusion Criteria:
- non-U.S. residents
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ricardo F Muñoz, Ph.D | Palo Alto University | Principal Investigator |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Own Methods | Active Comparator | wherein participants were asked to identify four of their own personal strategies that have helped them improve their mood in the past. |
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| Activities. | Behavioral | Increasing activity level included a brief description of how activities affect mood. Participants were then asked to choose the activities they could use to improve their mood from an available list of "helpful activities"; users were also able to generate their own helpful activities. Participants were also presented with examples of unhelpful activities such as staying in bed and being isolated |
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| Assertiveness. | Behavioral | Increasing assertiveness, consisting of tips for communicating assertively, and an example of an assertive statement. Participants were asked to describe a recent conflict and apply the intervention's assertiveness techniques to address the conflict. |
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| Sleep hygiene | Behavioral | Increasing sleep hygiene included a description on how sleep can affect mood. Participants were also asked to select from a list of helpful sleep hygiene suggestions to be practiced within the next week such as, "Don't take naps during the day" and "Use the bed/bedroom for sleep or sex only". |
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| Own Methods | Behavioral | wherein participants were asked to identify four of their own personal strategies that have helped them improve their mood in the past. |
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How motivated are you to do something to improve your mood? and had responses ranging from 0 = Extremely Negative to 9 = Extremely Positive |
| Baseline - 10 minutes after the intervention - 1 week follow-up |
| Confidence - Likert-type question | How confident are you that you are able to do something to improve your mood?and had responses ranging from 0 = Extremely Negative to 9 = Extremely Positive | Baseline - 10 minutes after the intervention - 1 week follow-up |
| usefulness - Likert-type question | Before you see the ideas we will be sharing with you, how likely do you think they will be useful?" and had responses ranging from 0 = Very Unlikely to 6 = Very Likely. | Baseline - 10 minutes after the intervention |
| 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire | self-report questionnaire for measuring the level of generalized anxiety symptoms over a two-week period | Baseline - 1 week follow-up |