To assess the persistence of bladder cancer-specific biomarkers in urine collected pre-operatively, in resected cancer tissue, and in urine collected post-operatively. A panel of sensitive and specific bladder cancer biomarkers will be used to establish a signature of disease in pre-operative patients with a positive diagnosis for bladder cancer by current standard of care (e.g., in-office cystoscopy, OR cystoscopy). The specificity of these markers will be assessed, as well as the degree of non-specific signal attributable to other sources of biomolecules, by analyzing resected tumor tissue for the same biomarkers. Finally, post-operative urine will be assessed for the presence of these markers. To the extent this biomarker panel can be determined to be specific and sensitive, it may serve as an indicator of the degree to which the surgical intervention successfully eradicated the underlying disease. The investigators also aim to assess the stability of a biomarker signature in urine but evaluating several patient specimens over various time points throughout the day.

Current standard of care in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) relies on pathologic confirmation of negative margins as well as repeat transurethral resection. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines specify a regular schedule of continued examination by cystoscopy and cytology to monitor the patient for the recurrence of disease.

Physicians Choice Laboratory Services (PCLS) is validating a panel of biomarkers isolated from voided urine for their combined ability to reliably detect the presence of transformed cell populations. These markers include somatic mutations in a number of oncogenes that have been well established as important etiologic factors in the development of bladder cancer in the scientific and clinical literature. In addition, regional hypermethylation of the genome is evaluated, as is the presence or absence of specific proteins involved in the disease state. Through measurement of these biomarkers using next generation sequencing and immunoassays, PCLS has been able to establish both the analytical and clinical validity of these markers in diagnosing disease. The statistical correlation of these biomarkers with the presence of transitional cell carcinoma has resulted in the ability to define a distinct disease signature indicative of disease in preliminary studies. The current study aims to expand upon these findings in an effort to offer physicians an additional tool with which to manage bladder cancer.

Hypothesis: Bladder cancer biomarkers will be elevated in preoperative and intraoperative urine specimens with direct correlation to the intact lesion(s), but will diminish significantly or disappear in urine specimens post-operatively with as a function of completion of resection. Further, the persistence of disease-specific biomarkers in urine post-operatively may correlate with the risk of recurrence or progression.

Biomarker levels will be determined from pre-, intra- and post-operative urine specimens, as well as from resected bladder tissue and will be statistically compared for changes that correlate with presence or absence of visible disease. Biomarkers from tissue samples will be quantified and compared with urine sample values.

The specific aims of the current proposal are to:

SA1): Assess the stability of a biomarker signature in urine. To date, efforts across the biomarker field have relied on the detection of cancer in the context of a single patient specimen collected at a single point in time. The consistency of the biomarker signature across specimens provided by the same patient has not been fully described. The current study will assess the consistency with which the biomarkers composing the panel can be detected across urine specimens collected at multiple points in time in a subset of patients. This data will inform the utility of single point-in-time collection with regard to accurately defining the disease signature.

SA2): Assess the persistence of bladder cancer-specific biomarkers in urine collected pre-operatively, in resected cancer tissue, and in urine collected post-operatively. A panel of sensitive and specific bladder cancer biomarkers will be used to establish a signature of disease in pre-operative patients with a positive diagnosis for bladder cancer by current standard of care (e.g., in-office cystoscopy). The specificity of these markers will be assessed, as well as the degree of non-specific signal attributable to other sources of biomolecules, by analyzing resected tumor tissue for the same biomarkers. Finally, post-operative urine will be assessed for the presence of these markers. To the extent this biomarker panel can be determined to be specific and sensitive, it may serve as an indicator of the degree to which the surgical intervention successfully eradicated the underlying disease.

SA3): Determine whether persistence of biomarkers in patient urine post-operatively correlates with recurrence or progression. The same panel of markers detected in the pre-operative urine and tumor will be assayed in voided urine collected during routine follow-up surveillance visits for a period of one year. Biomarkers will be monitored for persistence and quantitative change in levels.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Suspected or confirmed urothelial type bladder cancer
• Scheduled for a transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) or cystectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Less than 18 years of age
• Known concurrent upper urinary tract disease
• History of bladder or prostate radiation
• Patients who are unwilling or unable to give consent

The current protocol consents and enrolls 50 patients with a diagnosis of primary or recurrent bladder cancer by cystoscopy that requires transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT) or radical cystectomy (RC). Patients will be identified for participation if known to have bladder cancer and have recurrent tumor on office cystoscopy, or may present for a new hematuria work up and have evidence of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) on office cystoscopy.