Objectives: To determine whether TRUS-guided prostate biopsy performed in patients continuing low-dose aspirin (LDA) is associated with a greater incidence, duration, and severity of bleeding complications.

Eligibility: Men over 40-year-old with an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen level and/or abnormal digital rectal examination findings are candidates for PB.

Design of trial Prospective Randomized Trial Study treatment: Continuing low-Dose aspirin before transrectal prostate biopsy Primary endpoint: The incidence, duration, and severity of bleeding complications Statistical analysis and sample size estimation: Fisher's exact test or chi-square test will be used to explore the differences between two groups for categorical variables, and Student t-test will be used for continuous variables. Under the assumption of a difference of 25% of bleeding complications in each group, with α=0.05 and power=0.80, 60 subject are needed in each arm. Assuming the drop-out rate to be 20%, the targeted recruit number is 150 in total.

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy (PB) is currently the standard for diagnosing prostate cancer and is one of the most commonly performed urologic procedures.

The complications that can occur after this procedure have been extensively described previously. Bleeding complications, namely hematuria, rectal bleeding, and hematospermia, are the most frequent, with a reported incidence of 20% to 70%, but they are almost exclusively self-limiting and of mild to moderate severity.

There is an increasing number of patients who require PB and antiplatelet medication simultaneously. This is because more middle-age and elderly patients are receiving long-term antithrombotic therapy mainly for prevention of cardiovascular events, and these patients form the majority of those at risk of prostate cancer. As with other surgical interventions, aspirin is typically discontinued 7 to 10 days before PB. However, discontinuing aspirin might increase the risk of cardiovascular events, while continuing aspirin before PB might not necessarily increase severe bleeding complications. Several studies have found no increase in bleeding complications in patients continuing low-dose aspirin. However, most of the studies were retrospective, and only one was randomized. Moreover, there has been no prospective randomized trial in East Asian patients, who have a lower risk of thrombosis and increased risk of bleeding during antithrombotic treatment for acute coronary syndrome than do white patients.

The aim of the present randomized study was to determine whether TRUS-guided PB performed in patients continuing low-dose aspirin (LDA) is associated with a greater incidence, duration, and severity of bleeding complications.

Inclusion Criteria:

The inclusion criteria are use of LDA (100 mg once daily) for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and not at a high risk of cardiovascular event. The definition of high risk includes #1-7 of the following exclusion criteria or unsuitable conditions by clinical judgement.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Angina in the past 3 months
2. Exertional dyspnea on walking or climbing stairs for one floor
3. Stroke in the past 6 months
4. Coronary catheterization in the past 6 months
5. Left main disease or 3-vessel disease
6. Prior coronary arterial bypass graft surgery
7. Use of dual (or more) antiplatelet agents
8. Coagulopathy or diseases with bleeding tendency
9. Hemorrhoid, anal or rectal diseases
10. History of urinary stone or tumor