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In healthy individuals, the body responds to glucose (sugar) ingestion by reducing the amount released from the liver. At the same time, skeletal muscles increase the rate at which they remove the glucose from the bloodstream, via the actions of the hormone insulin. This ensures that blood glucose levels remain in a controlled range. However, in developed countries, diseases such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are becoming prevalent, due to dietary modifications and a reduction in physical activity. As one of the prominent barriers to regular physical activity is a lack of time, finding ways to maximize the health benefits of exercise is a priority for researchers.
The investigators want to understand potential differences in the effects of six weeks of aerobic training, with the exercise performed either after breakfast or after a prolonged fast. Specifically, this research aims to investigate whether there is a difference in the change in processes implicated in glucose regulation and secondly, in subsequent eating and physical activity behaviors. By investigating these changes this work will explore how exercise and nutrition can be optimized to benefit health and weight loss.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Active Comparator | Maintain habitual habits |
|
| Fed Exercise | Active Comparator | 6 weeks of moderate intensity exercise with breakfast consumption |
|
| Fasted Exercise | Experimental | 6 weeks of moderate intensity exercise with breakfast omission |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Behavioral | Moderate intensity exercise |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial plasma glucose concentrations | Response to oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve) | 120 mins - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Postprandial insulin concentrations | Response to oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve) | 120 mins - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Oral Glucose Insulin Sensitivity Index | Response to oral glucose tolerance test | 120 mins - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) | Change after 6 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Javier Gonzalez, PhD | University of Bath | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department for Health, University of Bath | Bath | BA2 7AY | United Kingdom |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23340006 | Background | Gonzalez JT, Veasey RC, Rumbold PL, Stevenson EJ. Breakfast and exercise contingently affect postprandial metabolism and energy balance in physically active males. Br J Nutr. 2013 Aug;110(4):721-32. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005582. Epub 2013 Jan 29. | |
| 20837645 | Background | Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Pelgrim K, Deldicque L, Hesselink M, Van Veldhoven PP, Hespel P. Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. J Physiol. 2010 Nov 1;588(Pt 21):4289-302. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.196493. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| D062408 | Breakfast |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| Breakfast |
| Behavioral |
Breakfast consumption |
|
| Maintain habitual habits | Behavioral | Normal physical activity and dietary behaviors maintained |
|
| Habitual energy intake | Assessed via a food diary, completed at baseline and during the last week of the intervention | Change after 6 weeks |
| Habitual energy expenditure | Assessed via an Actiheart monitor, completed at baseline and during the last week of the intervention | Change after 6 weeks |
| Body mass (kg) | Change after 6 weeks |
| Waist and hip circumference (cm) | Change after 6 weeks |
| Maximal rate of whole-body lipid oxidation (g/min) | During an incremental exercise test | Change after 6 weeks |
| Fasting plasma glucose concentration | Fasting plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma insulin concentration | Fasting plasma insulin concentration (pmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Postprandial non-esterified fatty acid concentrations | Response to oral glucose tolerance test (total and incremental area under the curve) | 120 mins - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations | Fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma total cholesterol concentrations | Fasting plasma total cholesterol concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations | Fasting plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations | Fasting plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations | Fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Waist to hip ratio | Waist circumference (cm) divided by hip circumference (cm) | Change after 6 weeks |
| Citrate Synthase Activity (mitochondrial citrate synthase activity in each muscle sample in an immunocapture based manner) | Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). Citrate Synthase Activity Assay Kit. | Change after 6 weeks |
| Protein content of mitochondrial respiratory chain proteins | Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis). Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, Complex IV. | Change after 6 weeks. For each participant the protein content will be presented as the fold change from baseline (arbitrary units). |
| Protein content of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-1) | Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) | Change after 6 weeks. For each participant the protein content will be presented as the fold change from baseline (arbitrary units) |
| Protein content of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) | Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) | Change after 6 weeks. For each participant the protein content will be presented as the fold change from baseline (arbitrary units) |
| Protein content (total and phosphorylated form) of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) | Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) | Change after 6 weeks. For each participant the protein content will be presented as the fold change from baseline (arbitrary units) |
| Resting metabolic rate (RMR) | Assessed via indirect calirometry | Change after 6 weeks |
| Energy balance | Total energy expenditure minus total energy intake | Change after 6 weeks (during week 6 of intervention versus baseline monitoring) |
| Whole-body lipid utilisation during exercise | Assessed via indirect calirometry during every exercise session (at ten minute intervals) | Change throughout complete training period (weeks 1 through to 6). Samples will be collected during every training session (three times weekly for six weeks) |
| Whole-body carbohydrate utilisation during exercise | Assessed via indirect calirometry during every exercise session (at ten minute intervals) | Change throughout complete training period (weeks 1 through to 6). Samples will be collected during every training session (three times weekly for six weeks) |
| Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2-IR) | The Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) estimate of steady state beta cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S). Derived from fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin concentrations. | Change after 6 weeks |
| Fasting plasma glycerol concentrations | Fasting plasma glycerol concentrations (mmol/L) | Basal Concentrations - (change after 6 weeks) |
| Postprandial plasma glycerol concentrations | Response to oral glucose tolerance test (total and incremental area under the curve) | Change after 6 weeks |
| Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Index (Adipo-IR) | Response to oral glucose tolerance test (total and incremental area under the curve) | Change after 6 weeks |
| 31628477 | Derived | Edinburgh RM, Bradley HE, Abdullah NF, Robinson SL, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Walhin JP, Joanisse S, Manolopoulos KN, Philp A, Hengist A, Chabowski A, Brodsky FM, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Thompson D, Wallis GA, Gonzalez JT. Lipid Metabolism Links Nutrient-Exercise Timing to Insulin Sensitivity in Men Classified as Overweight or Obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):660-76. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz104. |
| D062407 | Meals |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |