Difficulties identifying subjects who were qualified to participate in the study

The goal of this pilot study is to determine whether oral sodium bicarbonate can raise low serum bicarbonate concentration in people without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Participants will take sodium bicarbonate for six weeks, followed by a four week washout period.

CKD affects 25 million Americans and the risks of cardiovascular morbidity, hospitalizations, and death are substantially higher for people with CKD. Furthermore, 6% of the total Medicare budget is spent on 600,000 people with end-stage renal disease. Thus, CKD is highly prevalent, associates with poor outcomes, and is a tremendous financial burden to society.

Apart from treating hypertension and diabetes, there are no therapies that prevent CKD. However, results from two studies have found that low serum bicarbonate levels increase risk of developing CKD, which suggests that normalizing low serum bicarbonate may prevent CKD.

One way to raise low serum bicarbonate is by taking sodium bicarbonate. Whether sodium bicarbonate, which is commonly prescribed to raise low serum bicarbonate in people with CKD, can raise low bicarbonate in people without CKD is uncertain because the reason bicarbonate is low in people without CKD is unclear. This is because low bicarbonate by itself cannot distinguish whether the acid-base abnormality is primary metabolic acidosis or respiratory alkalosis. The former process is readily corrected with alkali. However, the administration of alkali in the latter situation may not raise bicarbonate concentration.

Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study is to determine whether oral sodium bicarbonate can raise low serum bicarbonate in people without renal disease.

The study is a single-arm open label study of 15 individuals without CKD with low serum bicarbonate concentration. The study duration is 10 weeks. After completing the baseline visit, participants will take oral sodium bicarbonate (initial dose level: 0.3 milliequivalents per kilogram per day (mEq/kg/d) for 6 weeks (On-treatment period), followed by a 4 week Off-treatment period. Serum concentrations of sodium bicarbonate will be tested during the treatment period, at the end of the On-treatment period (Week 6) and at the end of the Off-treatment period (Week 10).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73m2
• Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio < 30 mg/gm
• Serum bicarbonate ≤ 23 mEq/L (average of the two most recent measurements within the past year)
• Age ≥ 50 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Blood pressure ≥ 160/100 mm Hg
• Serum potassium < 3.5 mEq/L
• New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4 heart failure symptoms
• Chronic oxygen therapy
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring daily bronchodilator or prednisone therapy
• Weight ≥ 160 kg
• Use of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, or potassium bicarbonate within the previous two weeks.