Unforeseen challenges that rendered Recruitment more challenging than expected. Thus, recruitment is terminated earlier to proceed with data analysis.

This study aims to test the efficacy of a type of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), known as repetitive transcranial magnetic (rTMS) stimulation, in improving mobility, particularly gait stability and variability, and executive dysfunction in older adults. The study will be conducted in forty older adults (≥60 years) with a diagnosis of executive dysfunction.

The proposed study using rTMS will build upon the investigators previous work demonstrating the link between cognitive impairment, particularly executive dysfunction, and mobility/gait abnormalities in older adults, even in those labeled as "cognitively normal". Emerging evidence demonstrates that executive dysfunction is an early phenomenon in the pathway to mobility disability and subtle changes in executive function are independently associated with future falls. The investigators have piloted studies showing that pharmacological enhancement of executive function, can improve gait-motor performance and, potentially, reduce mobility decline and risk of falls. This supports the rationale for a promising intervention: enhancing cognition to prevent mobility decline and reduce risk of falls. The long-term goal is to create a clinical research program to apply rTMS as an early novel intervention for cognitive/motor interaction to ultimately delay the onset of cognitive and mobility disabilities and their devastating consequences, dementia and falls, in older adults. However, it is first necessary to study a smaller group of seniors to plan for recruitment, study retention and compliance, and to gather preliminary data as proof of principle before proceeding to a larger clinical trial.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Having executive dysfunction (defined as score below 11 out of a possible 13 in the "Montreal Cognitive Assessment -MoCA- executive score index")
• Age 60 years and older
• English speaking
• Able to ambulate 10m independently without any gait aid (eg. walker, cane)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unable to understand or communicate in English
• Parkinsonism or any neurological disorder with residual motor deficit (eg. Major stroke, epilepsy)
• Musculoskeletal disorder detected by clinical examination which affects gait performance -Active osteoarthritis affecting lower limbs (American College of Rheumatology criteria)
• Severe depression operationalized as Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score>10

TMS specific exclusion criteria:

• Persons with metal anywhere in the head, excluding the mouth, including shrapnel, and screws and clips from surgical procedures
• Persons with cardiac pacemakers, implanted medication pumps, electrodes inside the heart
• Unstable heart disease
• Persons with increased intracranial pressure, as in acute large infarctions or trauma
• Previous major stroke, history seizure, Parkinson D, Huntington D.
• History of schizophrenia/schizo-affective disorder, substance use disorder within 1 year of study

Due to the proof of principle nature of this study, our data will be crucial to establish efficacy of the intervention and furhet apply for funding for larger, clinical trial to test efectiveness