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It is well accepted that high-salt (HS) intake is an essential risk factor in development and progression of hypertension. Results of some recent studies suggest that some of the deleterious effects of a HS diet are independent of elevated blood pressure (BP) and may occur in normotensive individuals and are associated with impaired endothelial function. However, the effects of acute salt loading on endothelial function and vascular reactivity in young healthy individuals are still scarce and inconsistent.
The purpose of present study is to determine whether one week of HS intake affects microvascular reactivity in young healthy subjects without changes in BP. In addition, the investigators sought to evaluate if potential HS diet-induced microvascular dysfunction is associated with changes in oxidative stress level and/or with modification of immunological response in young healthy subjects.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| low salt diet | Experimental | All subjects will be instructed to maintain a low-sodium (LS) diet, with an intake of less than 2.3 g of salt per day (DASH eating plan; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2006) for 7 days (washout period). |
|
| high salt diet | Experimental | After washout period, all subjects will be instructed to maintain a high-sodium (HS) diet, with an intake of 11.2 g of salt per day for 7 days. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Salt (LS) diet | Other | Intake of less than 2.3 g of salt per day for 7 days. |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| microvascular reactivity | Cutaneous microvascular blood flow will be measured by Laser Doppler Flowmetry in response to vascular occlusion (post occlusive reactive hyperemia- PORH) and in response to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) (endothelium dependent vasodilation) before and after diet protocols. | two weeks after starting the protocol |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| oxidative stress | As direct indicator of oxidative stress, byproducts of lipid peroxidation - TBARS method (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) with malondialdehyde (MDA) as standard (µM MDA) will be measured before and after LS and HS diet protocol (spectrophotometric method). | two weeks after starting the protocol |
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Inclusion Criteria:
- healthy volunteers
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ana - Stupin, MD, PhD | Contact | +385915134958 | anacavka@mefos.hr | |
| Ines - Drenjancevic, MD, PhD | Contact | +385912241406 | ines.drenjancevic@mefos.hr |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ines Drenjancevic, MD, PhD | Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, Croatia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Laboratory for Clinical and Sport Physiology | Recruiting | Osijek | 31000 | Croatia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26498129 | Background | Cavka A, Cosic A, Jukic I, Jelakovic B, Lombard JH, Phillips SA, Seric V, Mihaljevic I, Drenjancevic I. The role of cyclo-oxygenase-1 in high-salt diet-induced microvascular dysfunction in humans. J Physiol. 2015 Dec 15;593(24):5313-24. doi: 10.1113/JP271631. Epub 2015 Dec 7. | |
| 24247418 | Background | Cavka A, Cosic A, Grizelj I, Koller A, Jelakovic B, Lombard JH, Phillips SA, Drenjancevic I. Effects of AT1 receptor blockade on plasma thromboxane A2 (TXA2) level and skin microcirculation in young healthy women on low salt diet. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2013;37(4-5):432-42. doi: 10.1159/000355723. Epub 2013 Oct 13. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004032 | Diet |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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| High Salt (HS) diet |
| Other |
Intake of 11.2 g of salt per day for 7 days. |
|
| modification of immunological response by high salt diet |
Activated monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils will be measured by flow cytometry, with distinction of subpopulation of monocytes/macrophages (classical/nonclassical), their activation and the expression of the integrin LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1) and VLA-4 (Very Late Antigen-4) - ligands VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 ) and ICAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1). |
| two weeks after starting the protocol |
| antioxidant capacity | As an indicator of antioxidant capacity, the ferric reducing ability of plasma - the FRAP assay (Ferric reducing ability of plasma) with Trolox used as standard (mM Trolox) will be measured before and after LS and HS diet protocol (spectrophotometric method). | two weeks after starting the protocol |
| 26848993 | Background | Cavka A, Jukic I, Ali M, Goslawski M, Bian JT, Wang E, Drenjancevic I, Phillips SA. Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2016 Apr;34(4):676-84. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000852. |