Each participant serves as his/her own control. Measures administered before and after an intervention.

Each participant serves as his/her own control. Measures administered before and after the behavioral intervention.

The WHOQOL-BREF instrument comprises 26 items, which measure the following broad domains: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. The WHOQOL-BREF is a shorter version of the original instrument that may be more convenient for use in large research studies or clinical trials. Scoring is 1-5 with 1 being either - Not at all, Very poor, Very dissatisfied, or Never. 2 being either - Not much, Poor, Dissatisfied, A little, or Seldom. 3 being either - Moderately, Neither poor nor good, Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, A moderated amount, or Quite often. 4 being either - A great deal, Good, Satisfied, Very much, Mostly, Good, or Very often. 5 being either - Completely, Very good, Very satisfied, An extreme amount, Extremely, or Always.

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The scale also includes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. The PSS was designed for use in community samples with at least a junior high school education. The questions are of a general nature and hence are relatively free of content specific to any subpopulation group. The questions in the PSS ask about feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, respondents are asked how often they felt a certain way. PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 & 4 = 0) to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4 item scale can be made from questions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale.