Assumption of intraosseous access into the proximal tibia. Simulation of continous resuscitation was carried out using a system of chest compression LifeLine ARM.

Assumption of intraosseous access into the proximal humerus. Simulation of continous resuscitation was carried out using a system of chest compression LifeLine ARM.

Intraosseous access device NIO (Defibtech)

Success rate of IO cannulation was defined as successful administration of infusion solutions via the performed IO access. Failure was defined as extravasation or unsuccessful (first) effort of IO insertion.

Procedure time was defined as the duration of picking up the prepared set of IO device from the shelf, preparation of the access set and patients' insertion site including disinfection and draping, insertion procedure of the cannula itself, assembling of the access set and first successful administration of drugs or infusion solutions through the newly established vascular access. The time taken for each infusion attempt was measured offline while reviewing procedures by videotape, and subsequently entered into a computer spreadsheet. Times were measured in seconds.