Heart failure is a clinical syndrome of exercise intolerance and/or congestion. The potential roles of myocardial perfusion and metabolic abnormalities in subjects with cardiovascular risks, metabolic disease and heart failure assessed by nuclear dynamic imaging warrant further investigations. The study investigators propose that microvascular dysfunction and abnormal metabolic substrate shift precedes and triggers the onset of diastolic dysfunctions. The aims are (1) to develop and validate the noninvasive measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) by using dynamic imaging with a CZT camera, (2) to assess myocardial glucose metabolism by using 18F-FDG dynamic PET, and MBF, MFR and LV systolic and diastolic function by dynamic SPECT comprehensively in subjects at cardiovascular risks and metabolic disease, HFrEF and HFpEF, (3) to correlate with peripheral serum markers and blood mononuclear cells subsets with myocardial perfusion and metabolic abnormalities, and (4) to test the hypothesis of these imaging and blood markers in diagnosis and prognostic implications. The study investigators also assess myocardial metabolic utilization in healthy and mice model of different metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension) by using 18F-FDG dynamic micro PET/CT, as an in-vivo measures which could be used to better understanding the disease mechanism and evaluating therapeutic strategies.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome of exercise intolerance and/or congestion. The management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has improved over the last decades. In contrast, little progress has been made in identifying evidence-based, effective treatments for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF, LVEF >50%). Treatments proven effective in HFrEF have failed to show significant benefit in patients with HFpEF. Potential contributors include an incomplete understanding of pathophysiology and poor matching of therapeutic mechanisms. The challenges of the use of diagnostic criteria, prognostic evaluation and treatment highlight the need for more research in this field.

This portion of HFpEF consists predominantly older age and high prevalence of co-morbidity such as overweight/obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. The systemic pro-inflammatory state may induce coronary endothelial inflammation, microvasular dysfunction, myocardial substrate shift, myocardial and interstitial fibrosis that contribute to high diastolic left ventricular stiffness and HF development. Myocardial metabolic and perfusion imaging is a vital tool for understanding the physiologic consequences of HF. Absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) provide incremental diagnostic and prognostic information over relative perfusion alone. Recent development of dedicated cardiac SPECT cameras with better sensitivity and temporal resolution make dynamic SPECT imaging more practical. Quantitative 18F-FDG PET could be used as a means to measure myocardial metabolic changes. The study investigators propose that microvasular dysfunction and abnormal metabolic substrate shift precedes and triggers the onset of diastolic dysfunctions. The potential roles of myocardial perfusion and metabolic abnormalities in subjects with cardiovascular risks, metabolic disease and HFpEF assessed by nuclear dynamic imaging warrant further investigations.

The present project aims (1) to develop and validate the noninvasive measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR) by using dynamic imaging with a CZT camera, (2) to assess myocardial glucose metabolism by using 18F-FDG dynamic PET, and MBF, MFR and LV systolic and diastolic function by dynamic SPECT comprehensively in participants at cardiovascular risks and metabolic disease, HFrEF and HFpEF, (3) to correlate with peripheral serum markers and blood mononuclear cells subsets with myocardial perfusion and metabolic abnormalities, and (4) to test the hypothesis of these imaging and blood markers in diagnosis and prognostic implications. The study investigators also assess myocardial metabolic utilization in healthy and mice model of different metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes mellitus and hypertension) by using 18F-FDG dynamic micro PET/CT, as an in-vivo measures which could be used to better understanding the disease mechanism and evaluating therapeutic strategies.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Had a clinical diagnosis of heart failure and left ventricular systolic function (LVEF≤50%) or diastolic dysfunction who,
2. Clinical diagnosis of metabolic diseases (such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, microvascular diseases etc.), heart failure and high-risk groups.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Important systemic disease (except for heart disease) such as cirrhosis, end-stage renal disease or active malignancy were estimated life expectancy of less than three months.
2. pregnant or lactating women.

Had a clinical diagnosis of heart failure and left ventricular systolic function (LVEF≤50%) or diastolic dysfunction who, or (2) Clinical diagnosis of metabolic diseases (such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, micro vascular diseases etc.), heart failure and high-risk groups.