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Participants will complete a 5-week smartphone app-based intervention that teaches mindful eating skills. One goal is to determine to what extent participants will enjoy using the app and complete the intervention. The investigators predict that after completing the intervention, participants will report fewer episodes of eating in response to food cravings. The investigators will also measure several other biological and behavioral outcomes.
In this prospective repeated-measures cohort study, participants will complete a 5-week smartphone app-based intervention that teaches mindful eating skills. The investigators will assess psychological and behavioral intervention targets using questionnaires and brief mobile assessments. The investigators will also measure BMI and adiposity. Assessments will occur at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 1 and 2 months post intervention. At several times during the study, participants will also receive multiple daily text messages asking them to complete a brief food craving assessment on their phone. This "experience sampling" approach is critical as it allow the investigators to capture experiences and behaviors that are often brief and automatic, making them poorly suited to traditional retrospective questionnaires. The investigators will also assess acceptability and continued use of the app via anonymous usage logs.
Overall, the aims are to 1) assess feasibility of the protocol, 2) assess changes in food cravings and indulgence of cravings, and 3) determine the extent to which participants remain engaged with the app after completing the 5-week intervention period and whether this predicts maintenance of benefits at 1 month and 2 months post-intervention. An exploratory aim is to measure the effects of the intervention on body weight, bodyfat, and bodyfat distribution.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mobile application intervention | Experimental | Participants receive a mobile app with a 5-week mindful eating program and ongoing tools for coping with cravings |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mobile application intervention (Device: Smartphone) | Behavioral | Consists of the app described in the arm description. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Craving indulgence frequency | Cell phone questionnaires assess frequency with which participants eat in response to food cravings. Cell phone questionnaires assess frequency with which participants eat in response to food cravings. Participants are asked whether they ate in response to a craving in the past hour | 1 month post-intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Craving indulgence frequency | Cell phone questionnaires assess frequency with which participants eat in response to food cravings. Participants are asked whether they ate in response to a craving in the past hour | Administered 9 times over the 7 days after the participant completes the intervention (typically 28 days after beginning the study; may be longer if participant takes extra days to complete the intervention) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Current diabetes
Pregnant or plans to become pregnant within 4 months
Current diagnosis of anorexia or bulimia
In the opinion of an investigator, meets any of the following criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ashley E Mason, PhD | University of California, San Francisco | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of California San Francisco | San Francisco | California | 94143 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15189128 | Background | Wansink B. Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:455-79. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140. | |
| 9134095 | Background | Gendall KA, Joyce PR, Sullivan PF. Impact of definition on prevalence of food cravings in a random sample of young women. Appetite. 1997 Feb;28(1):63-72. doi: 10.1006/appe.1996.0060. |
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The investigators will deposit anonymized individual-level data in a depository such as the Open Science Framework.
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| Reward-based Eating Drive (RED) | Questionnaire measure of drive to eat for hedonic properties of food | 1 month post-intervention |
| Reward-based Eating Drive (RED) | Questionnaire measure of drive to eat for hedonic properties of food | immediate post-intervention (within 7 days of completing the intervention) |
| Palatable Eating Motives Scale, coping subscale | Questionnaire measure of drive to eat for coping | 1 month post-intervention |
| Palatable Eating Motives Scale, coping subscale | Questionnaire measure of drive to eat for coping | Immediate post-intervention (within 7 days of completing the intervention) |
| Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ-T-R) | Questionnaire measure of food cravings | 1 month post-intervention |
| Food Cravings Questionnaire (FCQ-T-R) | Questionnaire measure of food cravings | Immediate post-intervention (within 7 days of completing the intervention) |
| 24979216 | Background | Epel ES, Tomiyama AJ, Mason AE, Laraia BA, Hartman W, Ready K, Acree M, Adam TC, St Jeor S, Kessler D. The reward-based eating drive scale: a self-report index of reward-based eating. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 30;9(6):e101350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101350. eCollection 2014. |
| 34584574 | Derived | Sagui-Henson SJ, Radin RM, Jhaveri K, Brewer JA, Cohn M, Hartogensis W, Mason AE. Negative Mood and Food Craving Strength Among Women with Overweight: Implications for Targeting Mechanisms Using a Mindful Eating Intervention. Mindfulness (N Y). 2021;12(12):2997-3010. doi: 10.1007/s12671-021-01760-z. Epub 2021 Sep 24. |
| 28918456 | Derived | Mason AE, Jhaveri K, Cohn M, Brewer JA. Testing a mobile mindful eating intervention targeting craving-related eating: feasibility and proof of concept. J Behav Med. 2018 Apr;41(2):160-173. doi: 10.1007/s10865-017-9884-5. Epub 2017 Sep 16. |