Acute gallbladder pathology and acute diverticulitis are common conditions met in emergency departments and comprise the bulk of admissions throughout general surgical calls. Both entities need imagistic description to tailor further management, which may be not readily available at the moment of patient's presentation. These delays may lose the window of opportunity for timed, quality decision making and may induce increased length of stay and subsequent increased costs.

Ultrasound scanning has become very popular over the last half century and the equipment has become more compact, of a higher quality and less expensive, which has facilitated the growth of point-of-care ultrasonography - POCUS - that is, ultrasound performed and interpreted by the clinician at the bedside. The concept of an 'ultrasound stethoscope' is rapidly moving from theory to reality.

There are a number of studies and case reports that are highlighting the advantages of POCUS, but still common grounds need to be sought after. Some countries, like USA and Germany, incorporate basic ultrasound in their resident's curriculum among different specialties.

In the author's knowledge and based on the literature, there are a few-second-to-none studies regarding POCUS involving strictly the surgeons. The hypothesis of this study is that, surgeon performed ultrasound can be as accurate as the radiologists' findings for basic diagnostics in the aforementioned pathology, leading to real time decision making in the benefit of the patient.

The closing remark is that by learning and doing these procedures the surgeon performing POCUS doesn't undermine his/her radiologist colleague's authority and skill. The big picture is that some basic tasks are transferrable and if used in an appropriate and methodical manner the final common goal - the benefit of the patient - is readily achieved.

The study was accepted as a Master of Surgery Thesis by Research (MCh) at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI)

There will be two parallel studies done at the same time:

1. POCUSS-1 for acute biliary disease
2. POCUSS-2 for suspected diverticulitis

STUDY DESIGN

1. Patients with suspected acute biliary disease or acute diverticulitis will undergo POCUS performed by the surgeons enrolled in the study.

   These patients are recruited from either

   1. emergency department
   2. outpatients clinic
   3. ward consults

2. Patients will have the procedure explained to them and then will receive a leaflet with the same information will be handed over. Consent will be obtained (verbal and written) from the patients that wish to be enrolled in the study.

3. POCUS is performed and data recorded on REDCap®.

4a. The same patients will have a departmental imagistic investigation (ultrasound, CT) reported by qualified radiologists.

4b. In the event of emergency surgery without prior departmental imaging, POCUS will be compared to the intra-operative findings.

5. Data will be collected and stored anonymously and processed with REDCap, Microsoft Excel, IMB SPSS, R-studio

DISCLAIMER:

Specific for this study, patient data will be anonymous and in line with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 law. Data protection is designed by default. There will be NO patients' personal name, surname, home address or date of birth needed or uploaded. Each patient will be represented by an unique identification number provided by the hospital. Only gender and age will be recorded as these will be necessary for the final data analysis and results. Once the study has finished, the data will be erased.

The same rules will be applied in hospitals from other countries that will get involved in the study.

POCUS-1 Inclusion Criteria - adapted after Tokyo Guidelines 2018

1. RUQ mass/pain/tenderness
2. Murphy's Sign
3. Fever
4. Elevated WBC
5. Elevated CRP
6. Deranged liver function tests
7. Jaundice

POCUS-2 Inclusion Criteria

1. Left iliac fossa tenderness and/or palpable mass
2. Fever
3. Elevated WBC
4. Elevated CRP
5. Peritonism - Left lower quadrant / hypogastrium
6. Per rectum bleeding/mucus discharge

POCUSS-1 and 2 Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age under 18 (ethical and consent issues)
2. Pregnancy
3. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)-difficulty in performing USS
4. Previously documented gallstones within the last 2 months for non-critical presentations
5. Previously documented diverticulitis within the last 2 months for non-critical presentations
6. POCUS performed after official report (for training purposes)
7. Previous colonic resection, particularly left sided or sigmoid colon.
8. Previous cholecystectomy

Patients presenting to the Emergency Department with a clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis and/or acute sigmoid diverticulitis.

Specific for this study, patient data will be anonymous and in line with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 law. Data protection is designed by default. There will be NO patients' personal name, surname, home address or date of birth needed or uploaded. Once the study has finished, the working data will be erased. Only the processed data and statistical analysis will be preserved.