Study was not approved for the IRB; we then had no funds to reapply

The study is a randomized clinical trial that is assessing the effects of sensory training on pain modulation, cognition, and physical endurance (time to fatigue) in healthy participants

Inclusion Criteria:

• Able to provide informed consent to participate in the study
• Able to perform physical activities such as cycling
• 18-40 years old
• BMI<27
• Practice of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity less than 150 minutes per week

Exclusion Criteria:

• Hypertension
• Diabetes
• Cardiovascular disease
• Subjects with pacemakers, and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
• History of asthma with active symptomatology in the past year, pulmonary disease or use of inhalers
• Physical disability, neurological and/or psychological disorder that precludes safe and adequate testing
• Conditions that may impair the ability to feel pain
• Mental impairment with limited ability to cooperate
• Uncorrected medical conditions, such as significant anemia, important electrolyte imbalance, or hyperthyroidism
• Pregnancy or trying to become pregnant in the next 6 months
• History of alcohol or drug abuse within the past 6 months as self-reported
• Epilepsy
• Suffering from severe depression (with a score >30 in the Beck Depression Inventory)
• History of unexplained fainting spells as self-reported
• Head injury resulting in more than a momentary loss of consciousness
• History of neurosurgery as self-reported
• Use of antiepileptic and/or hypnotic medications like carbamazepine, valproate acid, gabapentin, zolpidem, etc.
• Use of medication with potential cardiovascular influence
• Active smoker, or history of smoking in the last 6 months
• Skin lesion or open wounds around or in area of electrode application
• Tattoos in upper limb or along the nerve tract